{"id":549742,"date":"2026-04-17T05:57:11","date_gmt":"2026-04-17T03:57:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/illeisme-pourquoi-parler-de-soi-a-la-3eme-personne-et-que-cela-revele-t-il-dynseo-2\/"},"modified":"2026-04-17T05:59:32","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T03:59:32","slug":"illeisme-pourquoi-parler-de-soi-a-la-3eme-personne-et-que-cela-revele-t-il","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/illeisme-pourquoi-parler-de-soi-a-la-3eme-personne-et-que-cela-revele-t-il\/","title":{"rendered":"Illness: Why Speak of Oneself in the Third Person and What Does It Reveal?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Article HTML&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Contenu&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; max_width=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; 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padding: 40px; border-radius: 20px; margin-top: 50px; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .conclusion h2 { border-bottom: none; margin-top: 0; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .article-footer { text-align: center; padding: 50px 20px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #5e5ed7 0%, #5268c9 100%); color: white; border-radius: 30px 30px 0 0; margin-top: 60px; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .article-footer h3 { font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif; color: white; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .article-footer a { color: #ffeca7; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .footer-links { display: flex; gap: 20px; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 15px; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .faq-item { background: white; border-radius: 15px; padding: 25px 30px; margin: 15px 0; box-shadow: 0 3px 15px rgba(94,94,215,0.08); border-left: 4px solid #a9e2e4; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .faq-item h4 { font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif; color: #5e5ed7; margin-bottom: 12px; font-size: 1.05rem; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .faq-item p { margin: 0; color: #555; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee a { color: #5e5ed7; }\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .article-header h1 { font-size: 1.8rem; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .stats-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .benefits-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .article-header { padding: 40px 15px; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .container { padding: 15px; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee h2 { font-size: 1.5rem; }\n.dbi-art-72b9ee .comparison-table { font-size: 0.9rem; }\n}<\/p>\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"dbi-art-72b9ee\">\n<article>\n<header class=\"article-header\">\n<div class=\"article-category\">\ud83e\udde9 Psychology &amp; Language<\/div>\n<h1>Illieism: Why Speak of Oneself in the Third Person and What Does It Reveal?<\/h1>\n<pee class=\"subtitle\">Ancient rhetorical phenomenon, modern cognitive strategy, or sign of a self-awareness disorder \u2014 everything psychology and neuroscience know about illieism.<\/pee>\n    <\/header>\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"intro-paragraph\">\n        &#8220;Elise needs coffee to start the day.&#8221; &#8220;Marc is someone who cannot stand injustice.&#8221; If you have ever heard someone speak of themselves in the third person \u2014 or if you do it yourself \u2014 you have encountered illieism. This linguistic phenomenon, both common and intriguing, fascinates psychologists, linguists, and neuroscientists. Is it a simple personality trait? An emotional regulation strategy? A sign of narcissism? Or, in certain clinical contexts, a hint of self-awareness disorders? This comprehensive guide reviews what we know about illieism.\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"stats-grid\">\n<div class=\"stat-card\">\n            <span class=\"stat-number\">-400 BC<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"stat-label\">Julius Caesar systematically uses illieism in his <em>Commentarii de Bello Gallico<\/em> \u2014 one of the most famous examples in history<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat-card\">\n            <span class=\"stat-number\">\u2193 22 %<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"stat-label\">reduction in emotional stress during difficult decision-making when referring to oneself in the third person (2017 studies)<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat-card\">\n            <span class=\"stat-number\">3\u20135 years<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"stat-label\">the age at which children gradually abandon illieism \u2014 it is normal before this age<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>Definition and Etymology of Illieism<\/h2>\n<pee>The word <strong>illieism<\/strong> comes from the Latin <em>ille<\/em>, which means &#8220;he&#8221; or &#8220;that one&#8221; (third person masculine demonstrative pronoun). Illieism refers to the act of referring to oneself using the third person singular \u2014 or one&#8217;s own name \u2014 rather than the pronoun &#8220;I&#8221;. &#8220;He needs to rest,&#8221; says someone to talk about themselves. &#8220;Marie is tired,&#8221; says Marie while talking about herself.<\/pee>\n<pee>This phenomenon is universal in early childhood (children aged 2-3 naturally speak of themselves in the third person before mastering &#8220;I&#8221;) and common in certain cultural or rhetorical contexts (political speech, distanced autobiographical narrative, certain idioms). It becomes more remarkable \u2014 and psychologically interesting \u2014 when it persists in adults during everyday conversations.<\/pee>\n<h2>Illieism in Child Development: A Normal Transition<\/h2>\n<pee>Before understanding adult illieism, it is useful to understand that illieism is the norm in young children. Between 18 months and 3 years, children often speak of themselves in the third person \u2014 &#8220;Leo wants juice,&#8221; &#8220;Lucie is hurt&#8221; \u2014 before gradually acquiring the use of the personal pronoun &#8220;I&#8221; and self-awareness as a distinct subject.<\/pee>\n<pee>This transition from third to first person is an important milestone in cognitive development and self-awareness. It coincides with the emergence of what psychologists call &#8220;theory of mind&#8221; \u2014 the ability to represent oneself and others as distinct mental agents with their own thoughts, beliefs, and intentions. The child who says &#8220;I&#8221; asserts their existence as a subject \u2014 a major step in the development of self.<\/pee>\n<h3>When Does Illieism Become Unusual in Children?<\/h3>\n<pee>While illieism is still common between ages 2 and 4, its persistence beyond 5-6 years warrants attention. It may signal difficulties in the development of self-awareness and theory of mind \u2014 which can be observed in certain developmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders. In this context, illieism is not an isolated phenomenon but fits into a broader developmental profile.<\/pee>\n<h2>Illieism in Adults: Forms and Contexts<\/h2>\n<pee>In adults, illieism can take several forms and respond to very different motivations. It is important to distinguish these forms to avoid confusion.<\/pee>\n<h3>Rhetorical and Stylistic Illieism<\/h3>\n<pee>The oldest and most codified form of illieism is rhetorical. Julius Caesar writes in the third person in his <em>Commentarii<\/em> to present himself as an objective general recounting facts \u2014 not a subjective narrator telling of his victories. Many political leaders, high-level athletes, and public figures have adopted this style to project an image of greatness, objectivity, or detachment. &#8220;The president believes that\u2026&#8221; sometimes says the president himself \u2014 a way to disassociate from their own statement and confer institutional authority to it.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"quote-box\">\n        <pee>&#8220;Caesar saw that his soldiers were wavering. He said to them: &#8216;Have we not always won?'&#8221; (Caesar speaking of himself in the third person in his Commentaries on the Gallic War)<\/pee>\n<div class=\"author\">\u2014 Julius Caesar, <em>De Bello Gallico<\/em>, 1st century BC<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Affective and Informal Illieism<\/h3>\n<pee>Some people speak of themselves in the third person in an affectionate and informal way \u2014 often in a playful context, self-deprecation, humor, or tenderness. &#8220;Mathieu wants a hug,&#8221; says Mathieu to their partner. This style is common in couples, with children, or in close friend groups where it can serve to soften a request, slightly distance the ego, or simply as a charming personality trait.<\/pee>\n<h3>Illieism as an Emotional Regulation Strategy<\/h3>\n<pee>This is the most scientifically studied form in recent years. Research published in psychology journals has shown that speaking to oneself in the third person \u2014 or referring to oneself by name in internal dialogue \u2014 can reduce emotional reactivity in stressful situations and improve the quality of decisions made under pressure.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"highlight-box\">\n<h4>\ud83d\udd2c What research says about illeism and emotional regulation<\/h4>\n<pee>Studies conducted by Ethan Kross and his colleagues (University of Michigan) have shown that talking to oneself in the third person \u2014 &#8220;What should Sophie do in this situation?&#8221; rather than &#8220;What should I do?&#8221; \u2014 creates a <strong>psychological distance<\/strong> that reduces the emotional activation of the medial prefrontal cortex (involved in rumination and negative self-reflection) and improves reasoning quality in emotionally charged situations. It&#8217;s as if you are giving advice to a friend rather than to yourself.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>The psychology of illeism: what it reveals about self-awareness<\/h2>\n<pee>Illeism is a linguistic phenomenon \u2014 but it is also a window into deep psychological and cognitive processes. The way we refer to ourselves in language is not trivial: it reflects and influences how we perceive ourselves as subjects.<\/pee>\n<h3>Psychological distance and &#8220;distanciated self-talk&#8221;<\/h3>\n<pee>The central concept for understanding the potential benefits of illeism is that of &#8220;psychological distance.&#8221; When we say &#8220;I,&#8221; we are fully immersed in our own perspective, emotions, and immediate reactions. When we say &#8220;Paul&#8221; or &#8220;he,&#8221; we position ourselves slightly outside \u2014 we view the situation from a slightly different angle. This distance does not eliminate emotions, but it reduces their intensity and creates more space for adaptive reasoning.<\/pee>\n<pee>Experimental studies have shown that &#8220;distanciated self-talk&#8221; (talking about oneself as a third party in one&#8217;s internal dialogue) improves performance during stressful public speaking, reduces rumination after a difficult emotional event, and promotes more balanced reasoning about important decisions \u2014 by reducing biases related to personal emotional involvement.<\/pee>\n<h3>Illeism and narcissism: the link is more complex than it seems<\/h3>\n<pee>There is a popular association between illeism and narcissism \u2014 the idea that talking about oneself in the third person would be a sign of grandiosity or exaggerated self-importance. This association is not entirely unfounded: some studies have found a slight correlation between frequent illeism and certain narcissistic traits, and public figures known for their narcissistic behaviors have sometimes been cited as examples of illeists.<\/pee>\n<pee>But the relationship is more complex. Illeism can serve many very different purposes \u2014 and its meaning entirely depends on the context. The same linguistic phenomenon can be an adaptive emotional regulation strategy, a deliberate rhetorical trait, an affective play, or \u2014 in some cases and clinical contexts \u2014 a symptom of self-awareness disorders.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"method-card blue\">\n<div class=\"method-badge badge-blue\">\ud83d\udd0d Context 1 \u2014 Beneficial<\/div>\n<h4>Illeism as a regulation tool<\/h4>\n<pee>Talking to oneself in the 3rd person during moments of intense stress (&#8220;What would Marc do in this situation?&#8221;) to create emotional distance and improve decision quality. Conscious, deliberate use, limited to specific contexts.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"method-card teal\">\n<div class=\"method-badge badge-green\">\ud83d\udd0d Context 2 \u2014 Rhetoric<\/div>\n<h4>Illocution as a Stylistic Effect<\/h4>\n<pee>Referring to oneself in the 3rd person in a public speech, text, or formal communication to project an image of authority, objectivity, or detachment. A well-defined stylistic convention.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"method-card yellow\">\n<div class=\"method-badge badge-yellow\">\ud83d\udd0d Context 3 \u2014 Affective<\/div>\n<h4>Informal and Playful Illocution<\/h4>\n<pee>Talking about oneself in the 3rd person in affective or humorous contexts \u2014 with one&#8217;s partner, friends, or children. Often a personality trait or a relational convention without particular psychological significance.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"method-card rose\">\n<div class=\"method-badge badge-rose\">\ud83d\udd0d Context 4 \u2014 To be examined<\/div>\n<h4>Persistent and Intrusive Illocution<\/h4>\n<pee>Systematic use of the 3rd person to refer to oneself in all communication contexts, including formal ones, without awareness of the effect produced on interlocutors. May warrant clinical attention if recent and associated with other cognitive or behavioral changes.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Illocution and Neurology: When the &#8220;I&#8221; Loses Its Anchors<\/h2>\n<pee>Self-awareness \u2014 this ability to represent oneself as a distinct subject, to distinguish &#8220;me&#8221; from the rest of the world \u2014 is a complex cognitive function that relies on specific brain networks, notably the medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and certain parietal regions. Lesions or dysfunctions in these networks can affect self-awareness \u2014 and sometimes manifest as disturbances in how a person refers to themselves in language.<\/pee>\n<h3>Illocution in Certain Neurodevelopmental Disorders<\/h3>\n<pee>In autism spectrum disorders, difficulties in the use of personal pronouns \u2014 particularly confusion or delay in acquiring the pronoun &#8220;I&#8221; \u2014 are sometimes observed, especially in profiles with significant language difficulties. These difficulties are related to specificities in processing the perspective of others (theory of mind) and in representing the self as a linguistic reference point.<\/pee>\n<h3>Illocution in Dissociative Disorders<\/h3>\n<pee>In certain dissociative disorders, notably dissociative identity disorder, individuals may systematically refer to certain &#8220;parts&#8221; of themselves in the third person \u2014 a phenomenon that reflects the fragmentation of subjective identity. This use of the third person is qualitatively very different from rhetorical or affective illocution.<\/pee>\n<h3>Illocution and Dementias<\/h3>\n<pee>In some advanced forms of dementia, particularly frontotemporal dementias that affect self-awareness networks, disturbances in the use of personal pronouns may occur. A patient may begin to refer to themselves in the third person in an incoherent or intrusive manner \u2014 a phenomenon that can confuse family members and caregivers. In this clinical context, illocution is a symptom, not a personality trait.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"warning-box\">\n<h4>\u26a0\ufe0f When illeism deserves clinical attention<\/h4>\n<pee>Illeism becomes clinically significant when it is: recent (change from usual behavior), systematic and pervasive (all contexts), without awareness of the effect produced on interlocutors, accompanied by other cognitive or behavioral changes (memory, personality, social behavior). In this case, a medical and neuropsychological evaluation is indicated.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Illeism as a deliberate psychological tool<\/h2>\n<pee>Beyond its spontaneous manifestations, illeism can be used deliberately as a tool for personal development and emotional regulation. This practical application is based on serious research \u2014 even if it remains to be considered as a complementary tool rather than as a therapy.<\/pee>\n<h3>The &#8220;distanciated self-talk&#8221; in stress management<\/h3>\n<pee>When faced with a difficult decision, a stressful speaking engagement, or an emotionally intense situation, asking oneself &#8220;What should [first name] do in this situation?&#8221; rather than &#8220;What should I do?&#8221; can reduce emotional activation and improve the quality of reasoning. This tiny shift in perspective \u2014 from &#8220;I&#8221; to the first name or &#8220;he\/she&#8221; \u2014 is enough to create a measurable psychological distance.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"checklist\">\n<h4>\u2714 How to use illeism as an emotional regulation tool<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>When facing a difficult decision:<\/strong> write or mentally say &#8220;What should [your first name] do here?&#8221; then write the answer as if you were advising a friend<\/li>\n<li><strong>Before a stressful speaking engagement:<\/strong> tell yourself &#8220;SCARLETT can handle this. SCARLETT is preparing.&#8221; rather than &#8220;I am stressed, I am going to mess up&#8221;<\/li>\n<li><strong>After a difficult event:<\/strong> analyze the situation in the 3rd person to reduce rumination and access a more balanced perspective<\/li>\n<li><strong>In the journal or reflective writing practice:<\/strong> alternate between &#8220;I&#8221; (for emotional expression) and the 3rd person (for analysis)<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"tip-box\">\n<h4>\ud83d\udca1 Illocution and Mindfulness<\/h4>\n<pee>&#8220;Distanciated self-talk&#8221; shares some mechanisms with mindfulness: both create a distance between the individual and their immediate thoughts\/emotions, reduce the fusion identification with internal states, and promote a more detached observation of experience. Both can be used together as complementary emotional regulation strategies. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/our-tools\/emotion-thermometer\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>DYNSEO Emotion Thermometer<\/strong><\/a> can help identify and grade emotional states \u2014 a first step towards their conscious regulation.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Illocution in Culture and History<\/h2>\n<pee>Illocution traverses history and cultures. In addition to Julius Caesar, other historical and contemporary figures have used or are using illocution in their public communication. In high-level sports, some athletes refer to themselves in the third person \u2014 a phenomenon that has been widely discussed in the media. This practice may reflect a particular identity construction, a dissociation between the private individual and the public &#8220;brand&#8221; they embody, or a deliberate rhetorical strategy.<\/pee>\n<pee>In some cultures, using the third person to refer to oneself is conventional and polite \u2014 notably in certain formal Japanese contexts, or in some religious traditions where humility requires not referring to oneself with the dominant &#8220;I.&#8221; The cultural significance of illocution therefore varies considerably depending on the contexts.<\/pee>\n<h2>Cognitive Functions Involved in Illocution<\/h2>\n<pee>Illocution mobilizes complex cognitive functions that explain why it can be both a symptom of disorder and a therapeutic tool.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"benefits-grid\">\n<div class=\"benefit-card\">\n<div class=\"benefit-icon\">\ud83e\ude9e<\/div>\n<h4>Self-awareness<\/h4>\n<pee>Referring to oneself by one&#8217;s first name implies perceiving oneself as an object of representation \u2014 a form of meta-cognition about one&#8217;s own identity.<\/pee>\n        <\/div>\n<div class=\"benefit-card\">\n<div class=\"benefit-icon\">\ud83c\udfad<\/div>\n<h4>Perspective-taking<\/h4>\n<pee>Illocution involves the ability to see oneself &#8220;from the outside&#8221; \u2014 to adopt an allocentric perspective (centered on another viewpoint) on one&#8217;s own situation.<\/pee>\n        <\/div>\n<div class=\"benefit-card\">\n<div class=\"benefit-icon\">\ud83d\udd04<\/div>\n<h4>Emotional Regulation<\/h4>\n<pee>The distance created by illocution reduces the activation of the medial prefrontal cortex involved in rumination and negative self-reflection.<\/pee>\n        <\/div>\n<div class=\"benefit-card\">\n<div class=\"benefit-icon\">\ud83e\udde9<\/div>\n<h4>Executive Functions<\/h4>\n<pee>The deliberate use of illocution as a strategy involves inhibition (resisting the automatic &#8220;I&#8221;), planning, and cognitive flexibility. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/executive-function-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">DYNSEO Executive Functions Test<\/a> allows for the assessment of these abilities.<\/pee>\n        <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n<h4>Is illocution always a sign of narcissism?<\/h4>\n<pee>No \u2014 this is one of the most widespread myths about this phenomenon. Illocution can be rhetorical, affective, deliberately therapeutic, or culturally coded. The relationship with narcissism exists in certain profiles and contexts, but it is neither systematic nor causal. The meaning of illocution entirely depends on the context, frequency, and the person&#8217;s awareness of it.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n<h4>Is &#8220;distanciated self-talk&#8221; really scientifically proven?<\/h4>\n<pee>Studies by Ethan Kross et al. (University of Michigan) have shown robust effects of distanciated self-talk on emotional reactivity and decision quality in controlled experimental studies. The neural mechanisms involved (reduction of medial prefrontal cortex activation) have been confirmed by brain imaging. These results are serious, even if additional replications are always useful.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n<h4>Can illocution be a symptom of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease?<\/h4>\n<pee>Disruptions in the use of personal pronouns can appear in the advanced stages of certain dementias, particularly frontotemporal dementias that affect self-awareness networks. However, isolated illocution is not diagnostic of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. It is the recent emergence of systematic illocution, without apparent reason, accompanied by other cognitive changes, that may warrant evaluation.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n<h4>How to distinguish benign illocution from clinically significant illocution?<\/h4>\n<pee>Benign illocution is stable over time, limited to certain contexts (affective, rhetorical, deliberate), and the person is aware of the effect it may produce. Clinically significant illocution is recent, pervasive (all contexts), without awareness of the effect produced, and is accompanied by other changes. In case of doubt, a medical evaluation is always preferable.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"conclusion\">\n<h2>Conclusion: illocution, a fascinating phenomenon between language, psychology, and cognition<\/h2>\n<pee>Illocution is much more than a linguistic oddity or a sign of narcissism. It is a rich phenomenon with multiple faces \u2014 a millennia-old rhetorical tool, an effective emotional regulation strategy, a benevolent affective trait, or, in certain rare clinical contexts, a sign of a disturbance in self-awareness. Understanding it sheds light on fundamental questions about how we represent ourselves, how we manage our emotions, and how language and cognition interact.<\/pee>\n        <pee>If you wish to explore your own cognitive functions, discover our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/our-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>online cognitive tests<\/strong><\/a> \u2014 including the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/executive-function-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">executive functions test<\/a> that assesses perspective-taking and regulation abilities related to illocution. And if you are a healthcare professional, our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/our-training-courses\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>trainings<\/strong><\/a> delve into the links between language, cognition, and neurological disorders.<\/pee>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<footer class=\"article-footer\">\n<h3>DYNSEO Resources<\/h3>\n<div class=\"footer-links\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/executive-function-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\">Executive functions test<\/a><br \/>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/our-tools\/emotion-thermometer\/\" target=\"_blank\">Emotion thermometer<\/a><br \/>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/brain-games-apps\/clint-brain-games-for-adults\/\" target=\"_blank\">CLINT app<\/a><br \/>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/coach-ia-english\/\" target=\"_blank\">AI Coach<\/a><br \/>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/our-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\">All tests<\/a><br \/>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/our-training-courses\/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional training<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n<p>[et_pb_code]<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qu'est-ce que l'ill\u00e9isme et d'o\u00f9 vient ce terme ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L'ill\u00e9isme est le fait de se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer \u00e0 soi-m\u00eame en utilisant la troisi\u00e8me personne au lieu de la premi\u00e8re personne. Le terme vient du latin 'ille', qui signifie 'lui' ou 'celui-l\u00e0'. Par exemple, dire '\u00c9lise a besoin de caf\u00e9 pour commencer la journ\u00e9e' au lieu de 'J'ai besoin de caf\u00e9 pour commencer la journ\u00e9e'.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quel est l'exemple historique le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre d'ill\u00e9isme ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L'exemple le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre d'ill\u00e9isme dans l'histoire est celui de Jules C\u00e9sar, qui utilisait syst\u00e9matiquement cette forme linguistique dans ses Commentarii de Bello Gallico vers 400 av. J.-C. 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Les enfants abandonnent progressivement cette fa\u00e7on de parler d'eux-m\u00eames \u00e0 la troisi\u00e8me personne au cours de cette p\u00e9riode de d\u00e9veloppement.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"L'ill\u00e9isme peut-il \u00eatre le signe d'un trouble psychologique ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L'ill\u00e9isme peut parfois \u00eatre associ\u00e9 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes psychologiques. Il peut \u00eatre un simple trait de personnalit\u00e9, une strat\u00e9gie cognitive, un signe de narcissisme, ou dans certains contextes cliniques, un indice de troubles de la conscience de soi. Le contexte et la fr\u00e9quence d'utilisation sont importants pour l'\u00e9valuation.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quels domaines scientifiques \u00e9tudient l'ill\u00e9isme ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L'ill\u00e9isme fascine et est \u00e9tudi\u00e9 par plusieurs disciplines scientifiques : les psychologues s'int\u00e9ressent \u00e0 ses aspects comportementaux et \u00e9motionnels, les linguistes analysent sa structure et son usage, et les neuroscientifiques explorent ses m\u00e9canismes c\u00e9r\u00e9braux et son lien avec la conscience de soi.\"}}]}<\/script>[\/et_pb_code]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud83e\udde9 Psychology &amp; Language Illieism: Why Speak of Oneself in the Third Person and What Does It Reveal? Ancient rhetorical phenomenon, modern cognitive strategy, or sign of a self-awareness disorder \u2014 everything psychology and neuroscience know about illieism. &#8220;Elise needs coffee to start the day.&#8221; &#8220;Marc is someone who cannot stand injustice.&#8221; If you have [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":410101,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" admin_label=\"Article HTML\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row admin_label=\"Contenu\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"100%\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"HTML import\u00e9\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<style type=\"text\/css\">\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Montserrat:wght@600;700;800&family=Poppins:wght@400;500;600&display=swap');\n        * { margin: 0; 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}\n}\n\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"dbi-art-72b9ee\">\n<article>\n    <header class=\"article-header\">\n        <div class=\"article-category\">\ud83e\udde9 Psychology &amp; Language<\/div>\n        <h1>Illieism: Why Speak of Oneself in the Third Person and What Does It Reveal?<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"subtitle\">Ancient rhetorical phenomenon, modern cognitive strategy, or sign of a self-awareness disorder \u2014 everything psychology and neuroscience know about illieism.<\/p>\n    <\/header>\n\n<div class=\"container\">\n\n    <div class=\"intro-paragraph\">\n        \"Elise needs coffee to start the day.\" \"Marc is someone who cannot stand injustice.\" If you have ever heard someone speak of themselves in the third person \u2014 or if you do it yourself \u2014 you have encountered illieism. This linguistic phenomenon, both common and intriguing, fascinates psychologists, linguists, and neuroscientists. Is it a simple personality trait? An emotional regulation strategy? A sign of narcissism? Or, in certain clinical contexts, a hint of self-awareness disorders? This comprehensive guide reviews what we know about illieism.\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"stats-grid\">\n        <div class=\"stat-card\">\n            <span class=\"stat-number\">-400 BC<\/span>\n            <div class=\"stat-label\">Julius Caesar systematically uses illieism in his <em>Commentarii de Bello Gallico<\/em> \u2014 one of the most famous examples in history<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"stat-card\">\n            <span class=\"stat-number\">\u2193 22 %<\/span>\n            <div class=\"stat-label\">reduction in emotional stress during difficult decision-making when referring to oneself in the third person (2017 studies)<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"stat-card\">\n            <span class=\"stat-number\">3\u20135 years<\/span>\n            <div class=\"stat-label\">the age at which children gradually abandon illieism \u2014 it is normal before this age<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h2>Definition and Etymology of Illieism<\/h2>\n\n    <p>The word <strong>illieism<\/strong> comes from the Latin <em>ille<\/em>, which means \"he\" or \"that one\" (third person masculine demonstrative pronoun). Illieism refers to the act of referring to oneself using the third person singular \u2014 or one's own name \u2014 rather than the pronoun \"I\". \"He needs to rest,\" says someone to talk about themselves. \"Marie is tired,\" says Marie while talking about herself.<\/p>\n\n    <p>This phenomenon is universal in early childhood (children aged 2-3 naturally speak of themselves in the third person before mastering \"I\") and common in certain cultural or rhetorical contexts (political speech, distanced autobiographical narrative, certain idioms). It becomes more remarkable \u2014 and psychologically interesting \u2014 when it persists in adults during everyday conversations.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Illieism in Child Development: A Normal Transition<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Before understanding adult illieism, it is useful to understand that illieism is the norm in young children. Between 18 months and 3 years, children often speak of themselves in the third person \u2014 \"Leo wants juice,\" \"Lucie is hurt\" \u2014 before gradually acquiring the use of the personal pronoun \"I\" and self-awareness as a distinct subject.<\/p>\n\n    <p>This transition from third to first person is an important milestone in cognitive development and self-awareness. It coincides with the emergence of what psychologists call \"theory of mind\" \u2014 the ability to represent oneself and others as distinct mental agents with their own thoughts, beliefs, and intentions. The child who says \"I\" asserts their existence as a subject \u2014 a major step in the development of self.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>When Does Illieism Become Unusual in Children?<\/h3>\n\n    <p>While illieism is still common between ages 2 and 4, its persistence beyond 5-6 years warrants attention. It may signal difficulties in the development of self-awareness and theory of mind \u2014 which can be observed in certain developmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders. In this context, illieism is not an isolated phenomenon but fits into a broader developmental profile.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Illieism in Adults: Forms and Contexts<\/h2>\n\n    <p>In adults, illieism can take several forms and respond to very different motivations. It is important to distinguish these forms to avoid confusion.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Rhetorical and Stylistic Illieism<\/h3>\n\n    <p>The oldest and most codified form of illieism is rhetorical. Julius Caesar writes in the third person in his <em>Commentarii<\/em> to present himself as an objective general recounting facts \u2014 not a subjective narrator telling of his victories. Many political leaders, high-level athletes, and public figures have adopted this style to project an image of greatness, objectivity, or detachment. \"The president believes that\u2026\" sometimes says the president himself \u2014 a way to disassociate from their own statement and confer institutional authority to it.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"quote-box\">\n        <p>\"Caesar saw that his soldiers were wavering. He said to them: 'Have we not always won?'\" (Caesar speaking of himself in the third person in his Commentaries on the Gallic War)<\/p>\n        <div class=\"author\">\u2014 Julius Caesar, <em>De Bello Gallico<\/em>, 1st century BC<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h3>Affective and Informal Illieism<\/h3>\n\n    <p>Some people speak of themselves in the third person in an affectionate and informal way \u2014 often in a playful context, self-deprecation, humor, or tenderness. \"Mathieu wants a hug,\" says Mathieu to their partner. This style is common in couples, with children, or in close friend groups where it can serve to soften a request, slightly distance the ego, or simply as a charming personality trait.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Illieism as an Emotional Regulation Strategy<\/h3>\n\n    <p>This is the most scientifically studied form in recent years. Research published in psychology journals has shown that speaking to oneself in the third person \u2014 or referring to oneself by name in internal dialogue \u2014 can reduce emotional reactivity in stressful situations and improve the quality of decisions made under pressure.<\/p>\n<div class=\"highlight-box\">\n        <h4>\ud83d\udd2c What research says about illeism and emotional regulation<\/h4>\n        <p>Studies conducted by Ethan Kross and his colleagues (University of Michigan) have shown that talking to oneself in the third person \u2014 \"What should Sophie do in this situation?\" rather than \"What should I do?\" \u2014 creates a <strong>psychological distance<\/strong> that reduces the emotional activation of the medial prefrontal cortex (involved in rumination and negative self-reflection) and improves reasoning quality in emotionally charged situations. It's as if you are giving advice to a friend rather than to yourself.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h2>The psychology of illeism: what it reveals about self-awareness<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Illeism is a linguistic phenomenon \u2014 but it is also a window into deep psychological and cognitive processes. The way we refer to ourselves in language is not trivial: it reflects and influences how we perceive ourselves as subjects.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Psychological distance and \"distanciated self-talk\"<\/h3>\n\n    <p>The central concept for understanding the potential benefits of illeism is that of \"psychological distance.\" When we say \"I,\" we are fully immersed in our own perspective, emotions, and immediate reactions. When we say \"Paul\" or \"he,\" we position ourselves slightly outside \u2014 we view the situation from a slightly different angle. This distance does not eliminate emotions, but it reduces their intensity and creates more space for adaptive reasoning.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Experimental studies have shown that \"distanciated self-talk\" (talking about oneself as a third party in one's internal dialogue) improves performance during stressful public speaking, reduces rumination after a difficult emotional event, and promotes more balanced reasoning about important decisions \u2014 by reducing biases related to personal emotional involvement.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Illeism and narcissism: the link is more complex than it seems<\/h3>\n\n    <p>There is a popular association between illeism and narcissism \u2014 the idea that talking about oneself in the third person would be a sign of grandiosity or exaggerated self-importance. This association is not entirely unfounded: some studies have found a slight correlation between frequent illeism and certain narcissistic traits, and public figures known for their narcissistic behaviors have sometimes been cited as examples of illeists.<\/p>\n\n    <p>But the relationship is more complex. Illeism can serve many very different purposes \u2014 and its meaning entirely depends on the context. The same linguistic phenomenon can be an adaptive emotional regulation strategy, a deliberate rhetorical trait, an affective play, or \u2014 in some cases and clinical contexts \u2014 a symptom of self-awareness disorders.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"method-card blue\">\n        <div class=\"method-badge badge-blue\">\ud83d\udd0d Context 1 \u2014 Beneficial<\/div>\n        <h4>Illeism as a regulation tool<\/h4>\n        <p>Talking to oneself in the 3rd person during moments of intense stress (\"What would Marc do in this situation?\") to create emotional distance and improve decision quality. Conscious, deliberate use, limited to specific contexts.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"method-card teal\">\n<div class=\"method-badge badge-green\">\ud83d\udd0d Context 2 \u2014 Rhetoric<\/div>\n        <h4>Illocution as a Stylistic Effect<\/h4>\n        <p>Referring to oneself in the 3rd person in a public speech, text, or formal communication to project an image of authority, objectivity, or detachment. A well-defined stylistic convention.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"method-card yellow\">\n        <div class=\"method-badge badge-yellow\">\ud83d\udd0d Context 3 \u2014 Affective<\/div>\n        <h4>Informal and Playful Illocution<\/h4>\n        <p>Talking about oneself in the 3rd person in affective or humorous contexts \u2014 with one's partner, friends, or children. Often a personality trait or a relational convention without particular psychological significance.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"method-card rose\">\n        <div class=\"method-badge badge-rose\">\ud83d\udd0d Context 4 \u2014 To be examined<\/div>\n        <h4>Persistent and Intrusive Illocution<\/h4>\n        <p>Systematic use of the 3rd person to refer to oneself in all communication contexts, including formal ones, without awareness of the effect produced on interlocutors. May warrant clinical attention if recent and associated with other cognitive or behavioral changes.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h2>Illocution and Neurology: When the \"I\" Loses Its Anchors<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Self-awareness \u2014 this ability to represent oneself as a distinct subject, to distinguish \"me\" from the rest of the world \u2014 is a complex cognitive function that relies on specific brain networks, notably the medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and certain parietal regions. Lesions or dysfunctions in these networks can affect self-awareness \u2014 and sometimes manifest as disturbances in how a person refers to themselves in language.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Illocution in Certain Neurodevelopmental Disorders<\/h3>\n\n    <p>In autism spectrum disorders, difficulties in the use of personal pronouns \u2014 particularly confusion or delay in acquiring the pronoun \"I\" \u2014 are sometimes observed, especially in profiles with significant language difficulties. These difficulties are related to specificities in processing the perspective of others (theory of mind) and in representing the self as a linguistic reference point.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Illocution in Dissociative Disorders<\/h3>\n\n    <p>In certain dissociative disorders, notably dissociative identity disorder, individuals may systematically refer to certain \"parts\" of themselves in the third person \u2014 a phenomenon that reflects the fragmentation of subjective identity. This use of the third person is qualitatively very different from rhetorical or affective illocution.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Illocution and Dementias<\/h3>\n\n    <p>In some advanced forms of dementia, particularly frontotemporal dementias that affect self-awareness networks, disturbances in the use of personal pronouns may occur. A patient may begin to refer to themselves in the third person in an incoherent or intrusive manner \u2014 a phenomenon that can confuse family members and caregivers. In this clinical context, illocution is a symptom, not a personality trait.<\/p>\n<div class=\"warning-box\">\n        <h4>\u26a0\ufe0f When illeism deserves clinical attention<\/h4>\n        <p>Illeism becomes clinically significant when it is: recent (change from usual behavior), systematic and pervasive (all contexts), without awareness of the effect produced on interlocutors, accompanied by other cognitive or behavioral changes (memory, personality, social behavior). In this case, a medical and neuropsychological evaluation is indicated.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h2>Illeism as a deliberate psychological tool<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Beyond its spontaneous manifestations, illeism can be used deliberately as a tool for personal development and emotional regulation. This practical application is based on serious research \u2014 even if it remains to be considered as a complementary tool rather than as a therapy.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>The \"distanciated self-talk\" in stress management<\/h3>\n\n    <p>When faced with a difficult decision, a stressful speaking engagement, or an emotionally intense situation, asking oneself \"What should [first name] do in this situation?\" rather than \"What should I do?\" can reduce emotional activation and improve the quality of reasoning. This tiny shift in perspective \u2014 from \"I\" to the first name or \"he\/she\" \u2014 is enough to create a measurable psychological distance.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"checklist\">\n        <h4>\u2714 How to use illeism as an emotional regulation tool<\/h4>\n        <ul>\n            <li><strong>When facing a difficult decision:<\/strong> write or mentally say \"What should [your first name] do here?\" then write the answer as if you were advising a friend<\/li>\n            <li><strong>Before a stressful speaking engagement:<\/strong> tell yourself \"SCARLETT can handle this. SCARLETT is preparing.\" rather than \"I am stressed, I am going to mess up\"<\/li>\n            <li><strong>After a difficult event:<\/strong> analyze the situation in the 3rd person to reduce rumination and access a more balanced perspective<\/li>\n            <li><strong>In the journal or reflective writing practice:<\/strong> alternate between \"I\" (for emotional expression) and the 3rd person (for analysis)<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"tip-box\">\n        <h4>\ud83d\udca1 Illocution and Mindfulness<\/h4>\n        <p>\"Distanciated self-talk\" shares some mechanisms with mindfulness: both create a distance between the individual and their immediate thoughts\/emotions, reduce the fusion identification with internal states, and promote a more detached observation of experience. Both can be used together as complementary emotional regulation strategies. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/nos-outils\/thermometre-des-emotions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>DYNSEO Emotion Thermometer<\/strong><\/a> can help identify and grade emotional states \u2014 a first step towards their conscious regulation.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <h2>Illocution in Culture and History<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Illocution traverses history and cultures. In addition to Julius Caesar, other historical and contemporary figures have used or are using illocution in their public communication. In high-level sports, some athletes refer to themselves in the third person \u2014 a phenomenon that has been widely discussed in the media. This practice may reflect a particular identity construction, a dissociation between the private individual and the public \"brand\" they embody, or a deliberate rhetorical strategy.<\/p>\n\n    <p>In some cultures, using the third person to refer to oneself is conventional and polite \u2014 notably in certain formal Japanese contexts, or in some religious traditions where humility requires not referring to oneself with the dominant \"I.\" The cultural significance of illocution therefore varies considerably depending on the contexts.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Cognitive Functions Involved in Illocution<\/h2>\n\n    <p>Illocution mobilizes complex cognitive functions that explain why it can be both a symptom of disorder and a therapeutic tool.<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"benefits-grid\">\n        <div class=\"benefit-card\">\n            <div class=\"benefit-icon\">\ud83e\ude9e<\/div>\n            <h4>Self-awareness<\/h4>\n            <p>Referring to oneself by one's first name implies perceiving oneself as an object of representation \u2014 a form of meta-cognition about one's own identity.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"benefit-card\">\n            <div class=\"benefit-icon\">\ud83c\udfad<\/div>\n            <h4>Perspective-taking<\/h4>\n            <p>Illocution involves the ability to see oneself \"from the outside\" \u2014 to adopt an allocentric perspective (centered on another viewpoint) on one's own situation.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"benefit-card\">\n            <div class=\"benefit-icon\">\ud83d\udd04<\/div>\n            <h4>Emotional Regulation<\/h4>\n            <p>The distance created by illocution reduces the activation of the medial prefrontal cortex involved in rumination and negative self-reflection.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"benefit-card\">\n            <div class=\"benefit-icon\">\ud83e\udde9<\/div>\n            <h4>Executive Functions<\/h4>\n            <p>The deliberate use of illocution as a strategy involves inhibition (resisting the automatic \"I\"), planning, and cognitive flexibility. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/test-des-fonctions-executives\/\" target=\"_blank\">DYNSEO Executive Functions Test<\/a> allows for the assessment of these abilities.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"faq-item\">\n        <h4>Is illocution always a sign of narcissism?<\/h4>\n        <p>No \u2014 this is one of the most widespread myths about this phenomenon. Illocution can be rhetorical, affective, deliberately therapeutic, or culturally coded. The relationship with narcissism exists in certain profiles and contexts, but it is neither systematic nor causal. The meaning of illocution entirely depends on the context, frequency, and the person's awareness of it.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n        <h4>Is \"distanciated self-talk\" really scientifically proven?<\/h4>\n        <p>Studies by Ethan Kross et al. (University of Michigan) have shown robust effects of distanciated self-talk on emotional reactivity and decision quality in controlled experimental studies. The neural mechanisms involved (reduction of medial prefrontal cortex activation) have been confirmed by brain imaging. These results are serious, even if additional replications are always useful.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"faq-item\">\n        <h4>Can illocution be a symptom of Alzheimer's disease?<\/h4>\n        <p>Disruptions in the use of personal pronouns can appear in the advanced stages of certain dementias, particularly frontotemporal dementias that affect self-awareness networks. However, isolated illocution is not diagnostic of Alzheimer's disease. It is the recent emergence of systematic illocution, without apparent reason, accompanied by other cognitive changes, that may warrant evaluation.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"faq-item\">\n        <h4>How to distinguish benign illocution from clinically significant illocution?<\/h4>\n        <p>Benign illocution is stable over time, limited to certain contexts (affective, rhetorical, deliberate), and the person is aware of the effect it may produce. Clinically significant illocution is recent, pervasive (all contexts), without awareness of the effect produced, and is accompanied by other changes. In case of doubt, a medical evaluation is always preferable.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"conclusion\">\n        <h2>Conclusion: illocution, a fascinating phenomenon between language, psychology, and cognition<\/h2>\n        <p>Illocution is much more than a linguistic oddity or a sign of narcissism. It is a rich phenomenon with multiple faces \u2014 a millennia-old rhetorical tool, an effective emotional regulation strategy, a benevolent affective trait, or, in certain rare clinical contexts, a sign of a disturbance in self-awareness. Understanding it sheds light on fundamental questions about how we represent ourselves, how we manage our emotions, and how language and cognition interact.<\/p>\n        <p>If you wish to explore your own cognitive functions, discover our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/nos-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>online cognitive tests<\/strong><\/a> \u2014 including the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/test-des-fonctions-executives\/\" target=\"_blank\">executive functions test<\/a> that assesses perspective-taking and regulation abilities related to illocution. And if you are a healthcare professional, our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/nos-formations\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>trainings<\/strong><\/a> delve into the links between language, cognition, and neurological disorders.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<footer class=\"article-footer\">\n    <h3>DYNSEO Resources<\/h3>\n    <div class=\"footer-links\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/test-des-fonctions-executives\/\" target=\"_blank\">Executive functions test<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/nos-outils\/thermometre-des-emotions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Emotion thermometer<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/brain-games-apps\/clint-brain-games-for-adults\/\" target=\"_blank\">CLINT app<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/coach-ia\/\" target=\"_blank\">AI Coach<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/nos-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\">All tests<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/nos-formations\/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional training<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n\n[et_pb_code]<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Qu'est-ce que l'ill\u00e9isme et d'o\u00f9 vient ce terme ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L'ill\u00e9isme est le fait de se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer \u00e0 soi-m\u00eame en utilisant la troisi\u00e8me personne au lieu de la premi\u00e8re personne. Le terme vient du latin 'ille', qui signifie 'lui' ou 'celui-l\u00e0'. Par exemple, dire '\u00c9lise a besoin de caf\u00e9 pour commencer la journ\u00e9e' au lieu de 'J'ai besoin de caf\u00e9 pour commencer la journ\u00e9e'.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Quel est l'exemple historique le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre d'ill\u00e9isme ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L'exemple le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre d'ill\u00e9isme dans l'histoire est celui de Jules C\u00e9sar, qui utilisait syst\u00e9matiquement cette forme linguistique dans ses Commentarii de Bello Gallico vers 400 av. J.-C. Il se r\u00e9f\u00e9rait \u00e0 lui-m\u00eame \u00e0 la troisi\u00e8me personne tout au long de ses r\u00e9cits de guerre.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"L'ill\u00e9isme a-t-il des effets sur la gestion du stress ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Oui, selon des \u00e9tudes de 2017, se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer \u00e0 soi \u00e0 la troisi\u00e8me personne lors d'une prise de d\u00e9cision difficile peut r\u00e9duire le stress \u00e9motionnel de 22%. Cela semble fonctionner comme une strat\u00e9gie de r\u00e9gulation \u00e9motionnelle en cr\u00e9ant une distance psychologique avec la situation.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u00c0 quel \u00e2ge l'ill\u00e9isme est-il consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme normal chez les enfants ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L'ill\u00e9isme est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme normal chez les enfants jusqu'\u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 3 \u00e0 5 ans. Les enfants abandonnent progressivement cette fa\u00e7on de parler d'eux-m\u00eames \u00e0 la troisi\u00e8me personne au cours de cette p\u00e9riode de d\u00e9veloppement.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"L'ill\u00e9isme peut-il \u00eatre le signe d'un trouble psychologique ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L'ill\u00e9isme peut parfois \u00eatre associ\u00e9 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes psychologiques. Il peut \u00eatre un simple trait de personnalit\u00e9, une strat\u00e9gie cognitive, un signe de narcissisme, ou dans certains contextes cliniques, un indice de troubles de la conscience de soi. 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