{"id":708229,"date":"2026-06-18T06:17:33","date_gmt":"2026-06-18T04:17:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/harcelement-scolaire-et-obligations-legales-des-etablissements-ce-que-dit-la-loi-dynseo\/"},"modified":"2026-06-18T06:21:31","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T04:21:31","slug":"school-harassment-and-legal-obligations-of-institutions-what-the-law-says","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/school-harassment-and-legal-obligations-of-institutions-what-the-law-says\/","title":{"rendered":"School Harassment and Legal Obligations of Institutions: What the Law Says"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Article HTML&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Contenu&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; max_width=&#8221;100%&#8221; 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\u00e9tablissements scolaires : loi du 2 mars 2022, d\u00e9lit de harc\u00e8lement scolaire, obligations des \u00e9tablissements, responsabilit\u00e9 des personnels, signalement, cyberharc\u00e8lement. Formation certifi\u00e9e Qualiopi DYNSEO.\",\n  \"image\":\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/harcelementscolaire.jpg\",\n  \"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"DYNSEO\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\"},\n  \"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"DYNSEO\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/logo-dynseo.png\"}},\n  \"datePublished\":\"2026-03-06\",\n  \"dateModified\":\"2026-03-06\",\n  \"mainEntityOfPage\":\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/harcelement-scolaire-obligations-legales-etablissements-loi\/\"\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"dbi-art-8eeb0f\">\n<header class=\"article-hero\">\n<div class=\"article-hero-inner\">\n<nav class=\"article-breadcrumb\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/\">Home<\/a> &rsaquo;<br \/>\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/formations\/\">Training<\/a> &rsaquo;<br \/>\n      Legal obligations school harassment institutions<br \/>\n    <\/nav>\n<p>    <span class=\"article-category\">&#x2696;&#xFE0F; LEGAL FRAMEWORK<\/span><\/p>\n<h1>School harassment and <span class=\"hl\">legal obligations<\/span> of institutions: what the law says in 2026<\/h1>\n<div class=\"article-meta\">\n      <span>&#x1F4C5; March 2026<\/span><br \/>\n      <span>&#x23F1; 22 min read<\/span><br \/>\n      <span>&#x1F3EB; By the DYNSEO team<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"article-hero-curve\"><\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"container\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/harcelementscolaire.jpg\" alt=\"Training to prevent and act against school harassment and cyberbullying \u2014 DYNSEO\" style=\"width:100%;border-radius:20px;margin:30px 0 10px;box-shadow:0 6px 25px rgba(0,0,0,.08);\"><\/p>\n<article class=\"article-body\">\n<div class=\"toc\">\n<h4>&#x1F4D1; Summary<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#avant-2022\">Before 2022: a legal void with serious consequences<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#loi-2022\">The law of March 2, 2022: what has fundamentally changed<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#delit\">The offense of school harassment: definition, penalties, aggravating circumstances<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#obligations-etablissement\">The concrete obligations of schools<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#responsabilite-direction\">The responsibility of the head of the institution: how far does it go?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#responsabilite-personnel\">The responsibility of staff: what every agent should know<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#signalement\">The reporting obligation: when, how, to whom?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cyber\">The legal framework of cyberbullying: specifics and digital offenses<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#prive\">Private institutions under contract: the same obligations?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cas-pratiques\">Practical cases: engaged responsibilities and legal lessons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#se-proteger\">Protecting oneself through training: the moral and practical obligation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<pee>On March 2, 2022, France took a decisive step in the fight against school harassment by creating a specific offense, with penalties of up to ten years in prison in the most serious cases. Since that date, <strong>school harassment is no longer just an educational problem: it is a criminal offense<\/strong>. And schools are no longer just prevention actors: they have specific legal obligations whose non-compliance can engage their responsibility.<\/pee>\n<pee>However, four years after this historic law, many education professionals do not precisely know the content of their obligations. They know that &#8220;something must be done&#8221; but are unaware of what the law concretely requires, when their personal responsibilities come into play, and what the real consequences of documented inaction are.<\/pee>\n<pee>This guide has been designed to fill this knowledge gap. It is aimed at all professionals in educational institutions \u2014 heads of institutions, teachers, CPE, education assistants, school health staff \u2014 with a clear objective: <strong>understand the legal framework, measure responsibilities, and act with full knowledge<\/strong>. It does not replace professional legal advice but serves as a solid reference to guide practices.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"alerte-box\">\n<div class=\"alerte-box-title\">&#x26A0;&#xFE0F; Prior Warning<\/div>\n<pee>This guide is a legal awareness tool intended for education professionals. It does not constitute legal advice in the professional sense of the term. In case of a serious situation, judicial proceedings, or questioning the responsibility of an institution or staff, it is advisable to consult a legal expert or a specialized lawyer.<\/pee>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"avant-2022\">1. Before 2022: a legal void with serious consequences<\/h2>\n<pee>Before the law of March 2, 2022, school harassment did not exist as an autonomous offense in French law. Harassment situations could be pursued based on pre-existing offenses \u2014 violence, insults, threats, moral harassment in the sense of the Penal Code \u2014 but these qualifications were inadequate for the specificities of harassment among minors in a school environment.<\/pee>\n<pee>This inadequacy had concrete consequences: long and uncertain procedures, frequent dismissals due to a lack of clearly characterized offenses, and above all, a sense of impunity among harassers and abandonment among victims. Schools acted within a vague framework, without clearly defined obligations or precisely provided sanctions in case of failure.<\/pee>\n<pee>Several highly publicized cases \u2014 suicides of adolescents who were victims of harassment, some of whom had been reported without follow-up \u2014 highlighted the insufficiency of the existing legal framework and created social and political pressure for profound legislative reform.<\/pee>\n<h2 id=\"loi-2022\">2. The law of March 2, 2022: what has fundamentally changed<\/h2>\n<pee>Law No. 2022-299 of March 2, 2022, aimed at combating school harassment, constitutes the most significant reform in this area for decades. It introduces several major provisions that transform the legal framework applicable to schools and their staff.<\/pee>\n<h3>The creation of the offense of school harassment<\/h3>\n<pee>The law creates an article 222-33-2-3 in the Penal Code that specifically defines and punishes school harassment. For the first time, harassment between students benefits from its own criminal qualification, distinct from general moral harassment. This qualification applies to acts committed within a school or in connection with schooling \u2014 which explicitly includes cyberbullying among students of the same institution.<\/pee>\n<h3>The extension to acts committed outside of school<\/h3>\n<pee>One of the essential contributions of the law is to extend the qualification of school harassment to acts committed outside the school premises, as long as they involve students from the same institution or occur in connection with schooling. This extension explicitly covers cyberbullying \u2014 which, by definition, occurs outside the walls of the school \u2014 and puts an end to the argument that the institution did not have to intervene in digital behaviors &#8220;outside its jurisdiction.&#8221;<\/pee>\n<h3>The strengthening of the obligations of institutions<\/h3>\n<pee>The law strengthens and formalizes the obligations of institutions regarding the prevention and handling of harassment. It mandates the designation of a harassment referent in each secondary school, the establishment of reporting and intervention protocols, and the organization of regular awareness-raising actions. These obligations, which already existed in the form of recommendations in previous circulars, now have a firmer legislative basis.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"info-box\">\n  <pee><strong>&#x1F4DA; Essential reference texts.<\/strong> Professionals wishing to consult the original texts can refer to: law n\u00b0 2022-299 of March 2, 2022 (Official Journal of March 3, 2022); article 222-33-2-3 of the Penal Code (offense of school harassment); circular n\u00b0 2023-040 of March 23, 2023 regarding the &#8220;No to Harassment&#8221; program; and the guide &#8220;Handling Harassment Situations in Schools&#8221; published by the Ministry of National Education.<\/pee>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"delit\">3. The offense of school harassment: definition, penalties, aggravating circumstances<\/h2>\n<pee>A precise understanding of the offense of school harassment as defined by the Penal Code is essential for professionals. It allows for the correct qualification of the situations encountered and understanding the legal stakes for the perpetrators \u2014 including when these perpetrators are minors.<\/pee>\n<h3>The legal definition<\/h3>\n<pee>The offense of school harassment is constituted by the act of harassing a student through repeated remarks or behaviors aimed at or resulting in a deterioration of their schooling conditions that may harm their rights and dignity, alter their physical or mental health, or compromise their professional future. This definition incorporates the three fundamental criteria of harassment (repetition, intentionality, power imbalance) while adapting them to the school context.<\/pee>\n<h3>The basic penalties and aggravating circumstances<\/h3>\n<pee>The penalties incurred vary according to the severity of the acts and their consequences. The table below summarizes the legal scale.<\/pee>\n<table class=\"comparison-table danger-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Situation<\/th>\n<th>Prison sentence<\/th>\n<th>Fine<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Simple school harassment<\/td>\n<td>3 years<\/td>\n<td>\u20ac45,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Harassment causing an ITT of more than 8 days<\/td>\n<td>5 years<\/td>\n<td>\u20ac75,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Harassment committed via a digital network<\/td>\n<td>5 years<\/td>\n<td>\u20ac75,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Harassment leading to a suicide attempt or suicide<\/td>\n<td>10 years<\/td>\n<td>\u20ac150,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Harassment leading to serious self-harm<\/td>\n<td>10 years<\/td>\n<td>\u20ac150,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Application to minor perpetrators<\/h3>\n<pee>These penalties apply to adult perpetrators. For minors, juvenile criminal law (2019 ordinance codified in the Code of Juvenile Criminal Justice) provides responses adapted to age \u2014 educational measures, pedagogical sanctions, and in the most serious cases, placement in a specialized institution. The age of the perpetrator does not eliminate criminal qualification but adapts the consequences.<\/pee>\n<pee>A crucial point for institutions: <strong>parents of minor perpetrators can have their civil liability engaged<\/strong> for the damages caused by their child. Victim families can seek compensation based on this parental responsibility, regardless of the criminal proceedings.<\/pee>\n<h2 id=\"obligations-etablissement\">4. The concrete obligations of schools<\/h2>\n<pee>Beyond the criminal framework that applies to individual perpetrators of harassment, schools have specific institutional obligations. These obligations are legislative (2022 law), regulatory (ministerial circulars), and common law (general safety obligation arising from the Education Code).<\/pee>\n<ul class=\"numbered-list\">\n<li><strong>Designate a trained harassment referent.<\/strong> Each secondary school must designate a harassment referent. This designation must be formalized (written document, communication to the team and students) and accompanied by appropriate training for the designated person. A designation without training is a partially fulfilled obligation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Establish a written reporting and intervention protocol.<\/strong> The institution must have a formalized protocol describing the steps to follow when reporting or detecting harassment: who receives reports, within what timeframe, according to what investigation procedure, with what immediate protection measures for the victim.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Display national help numbers.<\/strong> The numbers 3018 (cyberharassment) and 3020 (school harassment) must be displayed in the common areas of the institution \u2014 entrance hall, library, corridors, infirmary. This display is a concrete and verifiable obligation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Organize at least one annual awareness-raising action.<\/strong> Each institution must schedule at least one awareness-raising action for students on school harassment and cyberharassment each school year. This action can take various forms: class session as part of EMC, intervention by an association, thematic day, film screening followed by a debate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Train staff.<\/strong> The obligation of results regarding student safety implies that staff have the skills to detect and address harassment situations. Continuous training of staff is therefore a derived obligation from this general obligation, even if it is not prescribed in terms of number of hours or frequency.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Document situations and actions.<\/strong> Any reported or detected harassment situation must be documented in writing: observed facts, dates, measures taken, follow-up actions. This documentation is proof that the institution has fulfilled its obligations \u2014 its absence may conversely constitute a presumption of failure.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inform and involve families.<\/strong> The parents of the students involved \u2014 both victims and perpetrators \u2014 must be informed of the situations and measures taken. The institution is obliged to involve them in the process within a reasonable timeframe. A failure to inform families is regularly invoked in proceedings against institutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"responsabilite-direction\">5. The responsibility of the head of the institution: how far does it go?<\/h2>\n<pee>The head of the institution occupies a particular position in the chain of responsibility. As the representative of the State in the institution and guarantor of student safety, their responsibility can be engaged in several respects.<\/pee>\n<h3>Administrative responsibility<\/h3>\n<pee>In the public education system, the responsibility of the State \u2014 and therefore of the institution \u2014 is engaged in case of fault in the organization or functioning of the public education service. Harassment that has lasted several months without the institution intervening despite clear signals may be qualified as a service fault. The victim or their parents can then seek compensation before the administrative court, without having to prove a personal fault of the head of the institution.<\/pee>\n<h3>Personal criminal responsibility<\/h3>\n<pee>The personal criminal responsibility of the head of the institution can be engaged in two main situations. The first is <strong>failure to assist a person in danger<\/strong> (article 223-6 of the Penal Code): if the head of the institution was aware of a situation of serious danger for a student and did not act, they may be prosecuted on this basis. The second is <strong>deliberately endangering the life of others<\/strong> (article 223-1 of the Penal Code): if the inaction was deliberate and exposed a student to serious risk, this more severe qualification may be retained.<\/pee>\n<pee>In practice, criminal prosecutions against heads of institutions remain rare but do exist. They typically occur in extreme situations \u2014 a student&#8217;s suicide after reported and untreated harassment \u2014 and require proof of a characterized personal fault, distinct from service fault.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"article-quote\">\n  <pee>The question that every head of establishment should regularly ask themselves is not &#8220;am I at risk of prosecution?&#8221; but &#8220;if a family asks me tomorrow what I have done to protect their child, can I respond with concrete and documented actions?&#8221; It is this question that should guide practices, not the fear of the court.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"quote-author\">\u2014 Lawyer specialized in education law, intervention during an academic day<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"responsabilite-personnel\">6. The responsibility of staff: what every agent should know<\/h2>\n<pee>The responsibility regarding school harassment does not only concern heads of establishments. Every agent of the National Education \u2014 teacher, CPE, educational assistant, nurse, social worker, guidance counselor \u2014 can find their responsibility engaged in case of failure to meet their reporting and protection obligations.<\/pee>\n<h3>The obligation to report concerning situations<\/h3>\n<pee>Article 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requires any official who becomes aware of a crime or offense in the exercise of their duties to inform the public prosecutor without delay. Since school harassment is now a criminal offense, this obligation applies. In practice, this means that any staff member of the National Education who is aware of a proven harassment situation has a legal obligation to report it \u2014 first to their hierarchy, and if this route is insufficient or blocked, directly to the prosecutor.<\/pee>\n<pee>More generally, Article L. 226-2-1 of the Code of Social Action and Families requires any person who is aware of a situation of danger or risk of danger for a minor to report it without delay to the president of the departmental council (child protection). This obligation is independent of the professional status of the agent and applies personally.<\/pee>\n<h3>The functional protection of agents<\/h3>\n<pee>Public agents who report in good faith situations of harassment and who act in accordance with established protocols benefit from the functional protection of the State. This means that the administration covers their legal defense in case of being implicated, and protects them against potential pressures or reprisals. This protection is an important element to know: it reduces personal risks associated with action and lifts a common psychological barrier to intervention.<\/pee>\n<table class=\"comparison-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Staff<\/th>\n<th>Main obligation<\/th>\n<th>Reference text<\/th>\n<th>Risk in case of failure<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Head of establishment<\/td>\n<td>Organize prevention, coordinate response, report to the prosecutor if necessary<\/td>\n<td>Code of Education, art. 40 CPP<\/td>\n<td>Administrative responsibility + possible personal criminal liability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher \/ CPE<\/td>\n<td>Report to the hierarchy, document observations, do not remain inactive<\/td>\n<td>Art. 40 CPP, statutory obligations<\/td>\n<td>Professional misconduct, possible civil liability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>School nurse<\/td>\n<td>Report situations identified during consultations, direct to resources<\/td>\n<td>Public Health Code, art. 226-13 and 226-14<\/td>\n<td>Professional misconduct, disciplinary implication<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Educational assistant<\/td>\n<td>Report to the hierarchy what they observe in monitoring areas<\/td>\n<td>Statutory obligations<\/td>\n<td>Professional misconduct in case of documented inaction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>All staff<\/td>\n<td>Report to the president of the departmental council if a minor is in danger<\/td>\n<td>Art. L. 226-2-1 CASF<\/td>\n<td>Criminal offense (failure to assist a person in danger)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"signalement\">7. The obligation to report: when, how, to whom?<\/h2>\n<pee>The obligation to report is one of the most misunderstood aspects of the legal framework by education professionals. Many hesitate to report out of fear of being wrong, harming a student, or worsening a situation. This hesitation, while understandable, can constitute a legal failure.<\/pee>\n<h3>The principle of reporting concerns<\/h3>\n<pee>Case law and reference texts are clear: <strong>reporting does not require certainty<\/strong>. One reports a concern, a worry, a situation that &#8220;could&#8221; fall under harassment or danger for a minor. The role of the professional is not to establish proof before reporting \u2014 it is the responsibility of the competent authorities to establish it after the report. A report made in good faith, even if the situation turns out to be less serious than feared, cannot be reproached to the professional who made it.<\/pee>\n<h3>The internal hierarchical chain<\/h3>\n<pee>In the vast majority of situations, reporting should first follow the internal hierarchical chain: staff report to the harassment referent or to the management, who takes charge of the situation according to the established protocol. This internal route is the norm.<\/pee>\n<pee>Direct reporting to the prosecutor or child protection services is reserved for situations where the internal route is blocked (inactive or involved hierarchy) or insufficient (immediate danger for the student). In these cases, Article 40 of the CPP authorizes and even imposes direct reporting, without going through the hierarchy.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"key-points\">\n<h3>&#x1F4DE; Recipients of the report according to severity<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ordinary harassment situation:<\/strong> report to the harassment referent or to the management of the establishment<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serious harassment situation with health risk:<\/strong> report to management + inform the school doctor + contact child protection services if necessary<\/li>\n<li><strong>Immediate danger situation (suicidal risk, serious violence):<\/strong> call 15 (SAMU) or 17 (police), then inform management<\/li>\n<li><strong>Characterized criminal offense (violence with ITT, distribution of intimate images):<\/strong> report to the public prosecutor via article 40 of the CPP, or file a complaint on the advice of parents<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inactive hierarchy in the face of documented danger:<\/strong> direct report to the prosecutor or to the CRIP (Cell for Collecting Concerned Information) of the department<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"cyber\">8. The legal framework of cyberbullying: specifics and digital offenses<\/h2>\n<pee>Cyberbullying is covered by the law of 2022 as long as it involves students from the same establishment or occurs in connection with schooling. But beyond this general qualification, certain forms of cyberbullying constitute specific offenses that professionals must be aware of.<\/pee>\n<h3>Specific digital offenses<\/h3>\n<pee>The non-consensual distribution of sexual or intimate images or videos is punishable under &#8220;revenge porn&#8221; (article 226-2-1 of the Penal Code), even between minors and even if the images were taken consensually. The penalty is 2 years of imprisonment and 60,000 euros in fines, increased to 3 years and 75,000 euros if the victim is a minor. Digital identity theft (creating a false profile in someone else&#8217;s name) is punishable under article 226-4-1 of the Penal Code. Online harassment with threats of death or serious violence may fall under the aggravated threat offense.<\/pee>\n<h3>The obligations of platforms and the role of the establishment<\/h3>\n<pee>The law imposes rapid removal obligations on digital platforms for illegal content. The establishment can \u2014 and must \u2014 assist victims in reporting to the platforms and to 3018, which has a dedicated service for the accelerated removal of content. The Avia law of 2020 and the European DSA (Digital Services Act, applicable since 2024) strengthen these obligations of platforms and open faster recourse avenues for victims.<\/pee>\n<h2 id=\"prive\">9. Private establishments under contract: the same obligations?<\/h2>\n<pee>Private establishments under contract with the State are subject to the same legal obligations as public establishments regarding school harassment. The association contract implies compliance with the public education service and the regulatory texts that govern it, including the circulars related to the &#8220;No to harassment&#8221; program.<\/pee>\n<pee>Private establishments not under contract also have legal obligations arising from common law (protection of minors, security obligation) and the Penal Code (failure to assist a person in danger). However, they do not benefit from the functional protection of the State for their staff, making the establishment of internal protocols and training of teams even more important for their protection.<\/pee>\n<h2 id=\"cas-pratiques\">10. Practical cases: responsibilities engaged and legal lessons<\/h2>\n<div class=\"case-study\">\n<div class=\"case-study-header\">\n<div class=\"case-study-emoji\">&#x2696;&#xFE0F;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"case-study-label\">Case study \u2014 State Responsibility<\/div>\n<div class=\"case-study-title\">Administrative court: harassment not addressed for 8 months<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<pee>The parents of a bullied middle school student file a complaint with the administrative court after their son was hospitalized in child psychiatry for severe depressive syndrome. The investigation reveals that three teachers had orally reported concerns to the administration, without any protocol being triggered. No written notes, no formal interviews, no protective measures were taken.<\/pee>\n  <pee>The court condemns the State (represented by the rectorate) to compensate the parents and the student for fault in the organization of public service. The school&#8217;s administration is sanctioned disciplinarily for lack of organization.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"case-study-result\">\n    <pee>&#x26A0;&#xFE0F; <strong>Legal lesson:<\/strong> The absence of documentation and the lack of a triggered protocol, despite verbal reports from staff, were deemed a service fault. The evidence that adults knew and did not act in a structured manner was decisive. Systematic documentation of reports and actions taken is an essential protection for the establishment.<\/pee>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"case-study\">\n<div class=\"case-study-header\">\n<div class=\"case-study-emoji\">&#x1F4F1;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"case-study-label\">Case study \u2014 Cyberbullying and shared responsibility<\/div>\n<div class=\"case-study-title\">Criminal complaint for dissemination of intimate images among high school students<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<pee>A 16-year-old high school girl files a complaint after the dissemination of intimate photos on a WhatsApp group of high school students. The main perpetrator, a senior student, is prosecuted for disseminating intimate images of a minor. Two other students who shared the images are heard as implicated. The victim&#8217;s parents also hold the principal accountable for not acting quickly after being informed of the situation two days before the complaint was filed.<\/pee>\n  <pee>The principal produces the school&#8217;s protocol, the memos documenting her referral to the harassment officer, and the record of her call to 3018. She is exonerated. The parents of the main perpetrator are civilly condemned under parental responsibility.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"case-study-result\">\n    <pee>&#x2705; <strong>Legal lesson:<\/strong> The rigorous documentation of actions taken by the principal was key to her legal protection. An establishment that acts, documents, and seeks competent resources (3018, internal protocol) has a solid defense. An establishment that has neither documentation nor record of action is exposed.<\/pee>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"case-study\">\n<div class=\"case-study-header\">\n<div class=\"case-study-emoji\">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F3EB;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"case-study-label\">Case study \u2014 Teacher&#8217;s responsibility<\/div>\n<div class=\"case-study-title\">Involvement of a teacher who minimized repeated reports<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<pee>A 4th-grade head teacher is involved in a disciplinary procedure after a student who has been bullied for several months claims to have reported the situation to him three times, receiving a minimizing response each time (&#8220;it&#8217;s just girls&#8217; squabbles&#8221;). The student ultimately attempted suicide. The administrative investigation confirms the student&#8217;s statements.<\/pee>\n  <pee>The teacher is disciplinarily sanctioned (warning on file, mandatory transfer). He is not prosecuted criminally, as the direct causal link between his responses and the suicide attempt has not been sufficiently established to characterize a criminal offense.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"case-study-result\">\n    <pee>&#x26A0;&#xFE0F; <strong>Legal lesson:<\/strong> The repeated minimization of student reports can constitute a professionally sanctionable misconduct, even without criminal consequences. Training in recognizing bullying situations and the appropriate response to student reports is a direct professional protection for every teacher.<\/pee>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"se-proteger\">11. Protecting oneself through training: the moral and practical obligation<\/h2>\n<pee>The legal framework is clear. The obligations are defined. The risks for institutions and staff in case of failure are real and documented. In this context, training is no longer just a pedagogical investment \u2014 it is a necessity for compliance and professional protection.<\/pee>\n<pee>An institution whose staff have been trained, whose protocol is known and applied, and whose actions are documented, has a legally much stronger position than an institution that improvises. Certified training is also the most tangible proof that the obligation for results in staff training has been honored.<\/pee>\n<pee>The training <strong>Preventing and Acting Against School Bullying and Cyberbullying<\/strong> by DYNSEO covers the entire legal framework applicable to institutions and staff, translating it into concrete obligations and adapted professional practices. It incorporates the most recent legislative developments and provides participants with an operational understanding of their responsibilities \u2014 not to paralyze them with fear, but to give them the confidence to act competently and safely.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"key-points\">\n<h3>&#x2705; Legal compliance checklist for schools<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A trained harassment referent is designated and known to all staff<\/li>\n<li>A written reporting and intervention protocol is formalized and accessible<\/li>\n<li>The numbers 3018 and 3020 are displayed in common areas<\/li>\n<li>At least one awareness-raising action for students is scheduled each school year<\/li>\n<li>Staff have received training on harassment (ideally certified Qualiopi)<\/li>\n<li>Reported situations are documented in writing and dated<\/li>\n<li>The families of the affected students are informed within a reasonable timeframe<\/li>\n<li>A post-intervention follow-up is organized for each situation addressed<\/li>\n<li>Article 40 of the CPP and external reporting channels are known to staff<\/li>\n<li>The protocol is revised and reappropriated at least once a year in the pedagogical council<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<pee>Knowing your legal obligations also means knowing your rights: the right to report without fearing retaliation, the right to functional protection when acting in good faith within the scope of your duties, the right to demand from your hierarchy an institutional framework that allows you to exercise your responsibilities. The law protects those who act. It exposes those who do not act. It&#8217;s as simple as that.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"cta-box\">\n<h3>&#x1F393; Bring your establishment into compliance \u2014 train your teams<\/h3>\n<pee>The DYNSEO training &#8220;Preventing and acting against school harassment and cyberbullying&#8221; includes the complete legal framework and its concrete implications for your establishment. Certified Qualiopi \u2014 eligible for funding \u2014 suitable for all school levels.<\/pee>\n<div class=\"cta-buttons\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/courses\/preventing-and-acting-against-school-bullying-and-cyberbullying-en\/\" class=\"btn-cta-white\">&#x1F4CB; View the program<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/formations\/\" class=\"btn-cta-outline\">All training &#x2192;<\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/en\/courses\/preventing-and-acting-against-school-bullying-and-cyberbullying-en\/\" class=\"internal-link\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"internal-link-icon\">&#x2696;&#xFE0F;<\/div>\n<div class=\"internal-link-content\">\n<div class=\"internal-link-label\">Qualiopi certified training<\/div>\n<div class=\"internal-link-title\">Preventing and acting against school harassment and cyberbullying<\/div>\n<div class=\"internal-link-desc\">Legal obligations, protocols, staff responsibilities \u2014 the complete training to be compliant.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"internal-link-arrow\">&#x2192;<\/div>\n<p><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"article-tags\">\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">law school harassment establishment<\/a><br \/>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">legal obligations harassment school<\/a><br \/>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">offense school harassment 2022<\/a><br \/>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">responsibility head of establishment harassment<\/a><br \/>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">reporting harassment article 40 CPP<\/a><br \/>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">legal framework cyberbullying<\/a><br \/>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">harassment training Qualiopi<\/a><br \/>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">DYNSEO training<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":100456,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" admin_label=\"Article HTML\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row admin_label=\"Contenu\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"100%\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"HTML import\u00e9\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<style type=\"text\/css\">\n:root{\n  --bleu:#5e5ed7;--bleu-soft:#eeeeff;--bleu2:#5268c9;--bleu2-soft:#e8ecfa;\n  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type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\":\"Article\",\n  \"headline\":\"Harc\u00e8lement scolaire et obligations l\u00e9gales des \u00e9tablissements : ce que dit la loi en 2026\",\n  \"description\":\"Guide juridique complet pour les \u00e9tablissements scolaires : loi du 2 mars 2022, d\u00e9lit de harc\u00e8lement scolaire, obligations des \u00e9tablissements, responsabilit\u00e9 des personnels, signalement, cyberharc\u00e8lement. Formation certifi\u00e9e Qualiopi DYNSEO.\",\n  \"image\":\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/harcelementscolaire.jpg\",\n  \"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"DYNSEO\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\"},\n  \"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"DYNSEO\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/logo-dynseo.png\"}},\n  \"datePublished\":\"2026-03-06\",\n  \"dateModified\":\"2026-03-06\",\n  \"mainEntityOfPage\":\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/harcelement-scolaire-obligations-legales-etablissements-loi\/\"\n}\n<\/script>\n<div class=\"dbi-art-8eeb0f\">\n<header class=\"article-hero\">\n  <div class=\"article-hero-inner\">\n    <nav class=\"article-breadcrumb\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/\">Home<\/a> &rsaquo;\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/formations\/\">Training<\/a> &rsaquo;\n      Legal obligations school harassment institutions\n    <\/nav>\n    <span class=\"article-category\">&#x2696;&#xFE0F; LEGAL FRAMEWORK<\/span>\n    <h1>School harassment and <span class=\"hl\">legal obligations<\/span> of institutions: what the law says in 2026<\/h1>\n    <div class=\"article-meta\">\n      <span>&#x1F4C5; March 2026<\/span>\n      <span>&#x23F1; 22 min read<\/span>\n      <span>&#x1F3EB; By the DYNSEO team<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"article-hero-curve\"><\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"container\">\n\n<img src=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/harcelementscolaire.jpg\" alt=\"Training to prevent and act against school harassment and cyberbullying \u2014 DYNSEO\" style=\"width:100%;border-radius:20px;margin:30px 0 10px;box-shadow:0 6px 25px rgba(0,0,0,.08);\">\n\n<article class=\"article-body\">\n\n<div class=\"toc\">\n  <h4>&#x1F4D1; Summary<\/h4>\n  <ol>\n    <li><a href=\"#avant-2022\">Before 2022: a legal void with serious consequences<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#loi-2022\">The law of March 2, 2022: what has fundamentally changed<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#delit\">The offense of school harassment: definition, penalties, aggravating circumstances<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#obligations-etablissement\">The concrete obligations of schools<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#responsabilite-direction\">The responsibility of the head of the institution: how far does it go?<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#responsabilite-personnel\">The responsibility of staff: what every agent should know<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#signalement\">The reporting obligation: when, how, to whom?<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#cyber\">The legal framework of cyberbullying: specifics and digital offenses<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#prive\">Private institutions under contract: the same obligations?<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#cas-pratiques\">Practical cases: engaged responsibilities and legal lessons<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#se-proteger\">Protecting oneself through training: the moral and practical obligation<\/a><\/li>\n  <\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>On March 2, 2022, France took a decisive step in the fight against school harassment by creating a specific offense, with penalties of up to ten years in prison in the most serious cases. Since that date, <strong>school harassment is no longer just an educational problem: it is a criminal offense<\/strong>. And schools are no longer just prevention actors: they have specific legal obligations whose non-compliance can engage their responsibility.<\/p>\n\n<p>However, four years after this historic law, many education professionals do not precisely know the content of their obligations. They know that \"something must be done\" but are unaware of what the law concretely requires, when their personal responsibilities come into play, and what the real consequences of documented inaction are.<\/p>\n\n<p>This guide has been designed to fill this knowledge gap. It is aimed at all professionals in educational institutions \u2014 heads of institutions, teachers, CPE, education assistants, school health staff \u2014 with a clear objective: <strong>understand the legal framework, measure responsibilities, and act with full knowledge<\/strong>. It does not replace professional legal advice but serves as a solid reference to guide practices.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"alerte-box\">\n<div class=\"alerte-box-title\">&#x26A0;&#xFE0F; Prior Warning<\/div>\n  <p>This guide is a legal awareness tool intended for education professionals. It does not constitute legal advice in the professional sense of the term. In case of a serious situation, judicial proceedings, or questioning the responsibility of an institution or staff, it is advisable to consult a legal expert or a specialized lawyer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"avant-2022\">1. Before 2022: a legal void with serious consequences<\/h2>\n\n<p>Before the law of March 2, 2022, school harassment did not exist as an autonomous offense in French law. Harassment situations could be pursued based on pre-existing offenses \u2014 violence, insults, threats, moral harassment in the sense of the Penal Code \u2014 but these qualifications were inadequate for the specificities of harassment among minors in a school environment.<\/p>\n\n<p>This inadequacy had concrete consequences: long and uncertain procedures, frequent dismissals due to a lack of clearly characterized offenses, and above all, a sense of impunity among harassers and abandonment among victims. Schools acted within a vague framework, without clearly defined obligations or precisely provided sanctions in case of failure.<\/p>\n\n<p>Several highly publicized cases \u2014 suicides of adolescents who were victims of harassment, some of whom had been reported without follow-up \u2014 highlighted the insufficiency of the existing legal framework and created social and political pressure for profound legislative reform.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"loi-2022\">2. The law of March 2, 2022: what has fundamentally changed<\/h2>\n\n<p>Law No. 2022-299 of March 2, 2022, aimed at combating school harassment, constitutes the most significant reform in this area for decades. It introduces several major provisions that transform the legal framework applicable to schools and their staff.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The creation of the offense of school harassment<\/h3>\n\n<p>The law creates an article 222-33-2-3 in the Penal Code that specifically defines and punishes school harassment. For the first time, harassment between students benefits from its own criminal qualification, distinct from general moral harassment. This qualification applies to acts committed within a school or in connection with schooling \u2014 which explicitly includes cyberbullying among students of the same institution.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The extension to acts committed outside of school<\/h3>\n\n<p>One of the essential contributions of the law is to extend the qualification of school harassment to acts committed outside the school premises, as long as they involve students from the same institution or occur in connection with schooling. This extension explicitly covers cyberbullying \u2014 which, by definition, occurs outside the walls of the school \u2014 and puts an end to the argument that the institution did not have to intervene in digital behaviors \"outside its jurisdiction.\"<\/p>\n\n<h3>The strengthening of the obligations of institutions<\/h3>\n\n<p>The law strengthens and formalizes the obligations of institutions regarding the prevention and handling of harassment. It mandates the designation of a harassment referent in each secondary school, the establishment of reporting and intervention protocols, and the organization of regular awareness-raising actions. These obligations, which already existed in the form of recommendations in previous circulars, now have a firmer legislative basis.<\/p>\n<div class=\"info-box\">\n  <p><strong>&#x1F4DA; Essential reference texts.<\/strong> Professionals wishing to consult the original texts can refer to: law n\u00b0 2022-299 of March 2, 2022 (Official Journal of March 3, 2022); article 222-33-2-3 of the Penal Code (offense of school harassment); circular n\u00b0 2023-040 of March 23, 2023 regarding the \"No to Harassment\" program; and the guide \"Handling Harassment Situations in Schools\" published by the Ministry of National Education.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"delit\">3. The offense of school harassment: definition, penalties, aggravating circumstances<\/h2>\n\n<p>A precise understanding of the offense of school harassment as defined by the Penal Code is essential for professionals. It allows for the correct qualification of the situations encountered and understanding the legal stakes for the perpetrators \u2014 including when these perpetrators are minors.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The legal definition<\/h3>\n\n<p>The offense of school harassment is constituted by the act of harassing a student through repeated remarks or behaviors aimed at or resulting in a deterioration of their schooling conditions that may harm their rights and dignity, alter their physical or mental health, or compromise their professional future. This definition incorporates the three fundamental criteria of harassment (repetition, intentionality, power imbalance) while adapting them to the school context.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The basic penalties and aggravating circumstances<\/h3>\n\n<p>The penalties incurred vary according to the severity of the acts and their consequences. The table below summarizes the legal scale.<\/p>\n\n<table class=\"comparison-table danger-table\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th>Situation<\/th>\n      <th>Prison sentence<\/th>\n      <th>Fine<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n  <tbody>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Simple school harassment<\/td>\n      <td>3 years<\/td>\n      <td>\u20ac45,000<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Harassment causing an ITT of more than 8 days<\/td>\n      <td>5 years<\/td>\n      <td>\u20ac75,000<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Harassment committed via a digital network<\/td>\n      <td>5 years<\/td>\n      <td>\u20ac75,000<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Harassment leading to a suicide attempt or suicide<\/td>\n      <td>10 years<\/td>\n      <td>\u20ac150,000<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Harassment leading to serious self-harm<\/td>\n      <td>10 years<\/td>\n      <td>\u20ac150,000<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<h3>Application to minor perpetrators<\/h3>\n\n<p>These penalties apply to adult perpetrators. For minors, juvenile criminal law (2019 ordinance codified in the Code of Juvenile Criminal Justice) provides responses adapted to age \u2014 educational measures, pedagogical sanctions, and in the most serious cases, placement in a specialized institution. The age of the perpetrator does not eliminate criminal qualification but adapts the consequences.<\/p>\n\n<p>A crucial point for institutions: <strong>parents of minor perpetrators can have their civil liability engaged<\/strong> for the damages caused by their child. Victim families can seek compensation based on this parental responsibility, regardless of the criminal proceedings.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"obligations-etablissement\">4. The concrete obligations of schools<\/h2>\n\n<p>Beyond the criminal framework that applies to individual perpetrators of harassment, schools have specific institutional obligations. These obligations are legislative (2022 law), regulatory (ministerial circulars), and common law (general safety obligation arising from the Education Code).<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"numbered-list\">\n  <li><strong>Designate a trained harassment referent.<\/strong> Each secondary school must designate a harassment referent. This designation must be formalized (written document, communication to the team and students) and accompanied by appropriate training for the designated person. A designation without training is a partially fulfilled obligation.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Establish a written reporting and intervention protocol.<\/strong> The institution must have a formalized protocol describing the steps to follow when reporting or detecting harassment: who receives reports, within what timeframe, according to what investigation procedure, with what immediate protection measures for the victim.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Display national help numbers.<\/strong> The numbers 3018 (cyberharassment) and 3020 (school harassment) must be displayed in the common areas of the institution \u2014 entrance hall, library, corridors, infirmary. This display is a concrete and verifiable obligation.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Organize at least one annual awareness-raising action.<\/strong> Each institution must schedule at least one awareness-raising action for students on school harassment and cyberharassment each school year. This action can take various forms: class session as part of EMC, intervention by an association, thematic day, film screening followed by a debate.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Train staff.<\/strong> The obligation of results regarding student safety implies that staff have the skills to detect and address harassment situations. Continuous training of staff is therefore a derived obligation from this general obligation, even if it is not prescribed in terms of number of hours or frequency.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Document situations and actions.<\/strong> Any reported or detected harassment situation must be documented in writing: observed facts, dates, measures taken, follow-up actions. This documentation is proof that the institution has fulfilled its obligations \u2014 its absence may conversely constitute a presumption of failure.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Inform and involve families.<\/strong> The parents of the students involved \u2014 both victims and perpetrators \u2014 must be informed of the situations and measures taken. The institution is obliged to involve them in the process within a reasonable timeframe. A failure to inform families is regularly invoked in proceedings against institutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"responsabilite-direction\">5. The responsibility of the head of the institution: how far does it go?<\/h2>\n\n<p>The head of the institution occupies a particular position in the chain of responsibility. As the representative of the State in the institution and guarantor of student safety, their responsibility can be engaged in several respects.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Administrative responsibility<\/h3>\n\n<p>In the public education system, the responsibility of the State \u2014 and therefore of the institution \u2014 is engaged in case of fault in the organization or functioning of the public education service. Harassment that has lasted several months without the institution intervening despite clear signals may be qualified as a service fault. The victim or their parents can then seek compensation before the administrative court, without having to prove a personal fault of the head of the institution.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Personal criminal responsibility<\/h3>\n\n<p>The personal criminal responsibility of the head of the institution can be engaged in two main situations. The first is <strong>failure to assist a person in danger<\/strong> (article 223-6 of the Penal Code): if the head of the institution was aware of a situation of serious danger for a student and did not act, they may be prosecuted on this basis. The second is <strong>deliberately endangering the life of others<\/strong> (article 223-1 of the Penal Code): if the inaction was deliberate and exposed a student to serious risk, this more severe qualification may be retained.<\/p>\n\n<p>In practice, criminal prosecutions against heads of institutions remain rare but do exist. They typically occur in extreme situations \u2014 a student's suicide after reported and untreated harassment \u2014 and require proof of a characterized personal fault, distinct from service fault.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-quote\">\n  <p>The question that every head of establishment should regularly ask themselves is not \"am I at risk of prosecution?\" but \"if a family asks me tomorrow what I have done to protect their child, can I respond with concrete and documented actions?\" It is this question that should guide practices, not the fear of the court.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"quote-author\">\u2014 Lawyer specialized in education law, intervention during an academic day<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"responsabilite-personnel\">6. The responsibility of staff: what every agent should know<\/h2>\n\n<p>The responsibility regarding school harassment does not only concern heads of establishments. Every agent of the National Education \u2014 teacher, CPE, educational assistant, nurse, social worker, guidance counselor \u2014 can find their responsibility engaged in case of failure to meet their reporting and protection obligations.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The obligation to report concerning situations<\/h3>\n\n<p>Article 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requires any official who becomes aware of a crime or offense in the exercise of their duties to inform the public prosecutor without delay. Since school harassment is now a criminal offense, this obligation applies. In practice, this means that any staff member of the National Education who is aware of a proven harassment situation has a legal obligation to report it \u2014 first to their hierarchy, and if this route is insufficient or blocked, directly to the prosecutor.<\/p>\n\n<p>More generally, Article L. 226-2-1 of the Code of Social Action and Families requires any person who is aware of a situation of danger or risk of danger for a minor to report it without delay to the president of the departmental council (child protection). This obligation is independent of the professional status of the agent and applies personally.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The functional protection of agents<\/h3>\n\n<p>Public agents who report in good faith situations of harassment and who act in accordance with established protocols benefit from the functional protection of the State. This means that the administration covers their legal defense in case of being implicated, and protects them against potential pressures or reprisals. This protection is an important element to know: it reduces personal risks associated with action and lifts a common psychological barrier to intervention.<\/p>\n\n<table class=\"comparison-table\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th>Staff<\/th>\n      <th>Main obligation<\/th>\n      <th>Reference text<\/th>\n      <th>Risk in case of failure<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n  <tbody>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Head of establishment<\/td>\n      <td>Organize prevention, coordinate response, report to the prosecutor if necessary<\/td>\n      <td>Code of Education, art. 40 CPP<\/td>\n      <td>Administrative responsibility + possible personal criminal liability<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Teacher \/ CPE<\/td>\n      <td>Report to the hierarchy, document observations, do not remain inactive<\/td>\n      <td>Art. 40 CPP, statutory obligations<\/td>\n      <td>Professional misconduct, possible civil liability<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>School nurse<\/td>\n      <td>Report situations identified during consultations, direct to resources<\/td>\n      <td>Public Health Code, art. 226-13 and 226-14<\/td>\n      <td>Professional misconduct, disciplinary implication<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>Educational assistant<\/td>\n      <td>Report to the hierarchy what they observe in monitoring areas<\/td>\n      <td>Statutory obligations<\/td>\n      <td>Professional misconduct in case of documented inaction<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n    <tr>\n      <td>All staff<\/td>\n      <td>Report to the president of the departmental council if a minor is in danger<\/td>\n      <td>Art. L. 226-2-1 CASF<\/td>\n      <td>Criminal offense (failure to assist a person in danger)<\/td>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<h2 id=\"signalement\">7. The obligation to report: when, how, to whom?<\/h2>\n\n<p>The obligation to report is one of the most misunderstood aspects of the legal framework by education professionals. Many hesitate to report out of fear of being wrong, harming a student, or worsening a situation. This hesitation, while understandable, can constitute a legal failure.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The principle of reporting concerns<\/h3>\n\n<p>Case law and reference texts are clear: <strong>reporting does not require certainty<\/strong>. One reports a concern, a worry, a situation that \"could\" fall under harassment or danger for a minor. The role of the professional is not to establish proof before reporting \u2014 it is the responsibility of the competent authorities to establish it after the report. A report made in good faith, even if the situation turns out to be less serious than feared, cannot be reproached to the professional who made it.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The internal hierarchical chain<\/h3>\n\n<p>In the vast majority of situations, reporting should first follow the internal hierarchical chain: staff report to the harassment referent or to the management, who takes charge of the situation according to the established protocol. This internal route is the norm.<\/p>\n\n<p>Direct reporting to the prosecutor or child protection services is reserved for situations where the internal route is blocked (inactive or involved hierarchy) or insufficient (immediate danger for the student). In these cases, Article 40 of the CPP authorizes and even imposes direct reporting, without going through the hierarchy.<\/p>\n<div class=\"key-points\">\n  <h3>&#x1F4DE; Recipients of the report according to severity<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Ordinary harassment situation:<\/strong> report to the harassment referent or to the management of the establishment<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Serious harassment situation with health risk:<\/strong> report to management + inform the school doctor + contact child protection services if necessary<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Immediate danger situation (suicidal risk, serious violence):<\/strong> call 15 (SAMU) or 17 (police), then inform management<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Characterized criminal offense (violence with ITT, distribution of intimate images):<\/strong> report to the public prosecutor via article 40 of the CPP, or file a complaint on the advice of parents<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Inactive hierarchy in the face of documented danger:<\/strong> direct report to the prosecutor or to the CRIP (Cell for Collecting Concerned Information) of the department<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"cyber\">8. The legal framework of cyberbullying: specifics and digital offenses<\/h2>\n\n<p>Cyberbullying is covered by the law of 2022 as long as it involves students from the same establishment or occurs in connection with schooling. But beyond this general qualification, certain forms of cyberbullying constitute specific offenses that professionals must be aware of.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Specific digital offenses<\/h3>\n\n<p>The non-consensual distribution of sexual or intimate images or videos is punishable under \"revenge porn\" (article 226-2-1 of the Penal Code), even between minors and even if the images were taken consensually. The penalty is 2 years of imprisonment and 60,000 euros in fines, increased to 3 years and 75,000 euros if the victim is a minor. Digital identity theft (creating a false profile in someone else's name) is punishable under article 226-4-1 of the Penal Code. Online harassment with threats of death or serious violence may fall under the aggravated threat offense.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The obligations of platforms and the role of the establishment<\/h3>\n\n<p>The law imposes rapid removal obligations on digital platforms for illegal content. The establishment can \u2014 and must \u2014 assist victims in reporting to the platforms and to 3018, which has a dedicated service for the accelerated removal of content. The Avia law of 2020 and the European DSA (Digital Services Act, applicable since 2024) strengthen these obligations of platforms and open faster recourse avenues for victims.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"prive\">9. Private establishments under contract: the same obligations?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Private establishments under contract with the State are subject to the same legal obligations as public establishments regarding school harassment. The association contract implies compliance with the public education service and the regulatory texts that govern it, including the circulars related to the \"No to harassment\" program.<\/p>\n\n<p>Private establishments not under contract also have legal obligations arising from common law (protection of minors, security obligation) and the Penal Code (failure to assist a person in danger). However, they do not benefit from the functional protection of the State for their staff, making the establishment of internal protocols and training of teams even more important for their protection.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"cas-pratiques\">10. Practical cases: responsibilities engaged and legal lessons<\/h2>\n<div class=\"case-study\">\n  <div class=\"case-study-header\">\n    <div class=\"case-study-emoji\">&#x2696;&#xFE0F;<\/div>\n    <div>\n      <div class=\"case-study-label\">Case study \u2014 State Responsibility<\/div>\n      <div class=\"case-study-title\">Administrative court: harassment not addressed for 8 months<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <p>The parents of a bullied middle school student file a complaint with the administrative court after their son was hospitalized in child psychiatry for severe depressive syndrome. The investigation reveals that three teachers had orally reported concerns to the administration, without any protocol being triggered. No written notes, no formal interviews, no protective measures were taken.<\/p>\n  <p>The court condemns the State (represented by the rectorate) to compensate the parents and the student for fault in the organization of public service. The school's administration is sanctioned disciplinarily for lack of organization.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"case-study-result\">\n    <p>&#x26A0;&#xFE0F; <strong>Legal lesson:<\/strong> The absence of documentation and the lack of a triggered protocol, despite verbal reports from staff, were deemed a service fault. The evidence that adults knew and did not act in a structured manner was decisive. Systematic documentation of reports and actions taken is an essential protection for the establishment.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"case-study\">\n  <div class=\"case-study-header\">\n    <div class=\"case-study-emoji\">&#x1F4F1;<\/div>\n    <div>\n      <div class=\"case-study-label\">Case study \u2014 Cyberbullying and shared responsibility<\/div>\n      <div class=\"case-study-title\">Criminal complaint for dissemination of intimate images among high school students<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <p>A 16-year-old high school girl files a complaint after the dissemination of intimate photos on a WhatsApp group of high school students. The main perpetrator, a senior student, is prosecuted for disseminating intimate images of a minor. Two other students who shared the images are heard as implicated. The victim's parents also hold the principal accountable for not acting quickly after being informed of the situation two days before the complaint was filed.<\/p>\n  <p>The principal produces the school's protocol, the memos documenting her referral to the harassment officer, and the record of her call to 3018. She is exonerated. The parents of the main perpetrator are civilly condemned under parental responsibility.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"case-study-result\">\n    <p>&#x2705; <strong>Legal lesson:<\/strong> The rigorous documentation of actions taken by the principal was key to her legal protection. An establishment that acts, documents, and seeks competent resources (3018, internal protocol) has a solid defense. An establishment that has neither documentation nor record of action is exposed.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"case-study\">\n  <div class=\"case-study-header\">\n    <div class=\"case-study-emoji\">&#x1F9D1;&#x200D;&#x1F3EB;<\/div>\n    <div>\n      <div class=\"case-study-label\">Case study \u2014 Teacher's responsibility<\/div>\n<div class=\"case-study-title\">Involvement of a teacher who minimized repeated reports<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <p>A 4th-grade head teacher is involved in a disciplinary procedure after a student who has been bullied for several months claims to have reported the situation to him three times, receiving a minimizing response each time (\"it's just girls' squabbles\"). The student ultimately attempted suicide. The administrative investigation confirms the student's statements.<\/p>\n  <p>The teacher is disciplinarily sanctioned (warning on file, mandatory transfer). He is not prosecuted criminally, as the direct causal link between his responses and the suicide attempt has not been sufficiently established to characterize a criminal offense.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"case-study-result\">\n    <p>&#x26A0;&#xFE0F; <strong>Legal lesson:<\/strong> The repeated minimization of student reports can constitute a professionally sanctionable misconduct, even without criminal consequences. Training in recognizing bullying situations and the appropriate response to student reports is a direct professional protection for every teacher.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"se-proteger\">11. Protecting oneself through training: the moral and practical obligation<\/h2>\n\n<p>The legal framework is clear. The obligations are defined. The risks for institutions and staff in case of failure are real and documented. In this context, training is no longer just a pedagogical investment \u2014 it is a necessity for compliance and professional protection.<\/p>\n\n<p>An institution whose staff have been trained, whose protocol is known and applied, and whose actions are documented, has a legally much stronger position than an institution that improvises. Certified training is also the most tangible proof that the obligation for results in staff training has been honored.<\/p>\n\n<p>The training <strong>Preventing and Acting Against School Bullying and Cyberbullying<\/strong> by DYNSEO covers the entire legal framework applicable to institutions and staff, translating it into concrete obligations and adapted professional practices. It incorporates the most recent legislative developments and provides participants with an operational understanding of their responsibilities \u2014 not to paralyze them with fear, but to give them the confidence to act competently and safely.<\/p>\n<div class=\"key-points\">\n  <h3>&#x2705; Legal compliance checklist for schools<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li>A trained harassment referent is designated and known to all staff<\/li>\n    <li>A written reporting and intervention protocol is formalized and accessible<\/li>\n    <li>The numbers 3018 and 3020 are displayed in common areas<\/li>\n    <li>At least one awareness-raising action for students is scheduled each school year<\/li>\n    <li>Staff have received training on harassment (ideally certified Qualiopi)<\/li>\n    <li>Reported situations are documented in writing and dated<\/li>\n    <li>The families of the affected students are informed within a reasonable timeframe<\/li>\n    <li>A post-intervention follow-up is organized for each situation addressed<\/li>\n    <li>Article 40 of the CPP and external reporting channels are known to staff<\/li>\n    <li>The protocol is revised and reappropriated at least once a year in the pedagogical council<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Knowing your legal obligations also means knowing your rights: the right to report without fearing retaliation, the right to functional protection when acting in good faith within the scope of your duties, the right to demand from your hierarchy an institutional framework that allows you to exercise your responsibilities. The law protects those who act. It exposes those who do not act. It's as simple as that.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"cta-box\">\n  <h3>&#x1F393; Bring your establishment into compliance \u2014 train your teams<\/h3>\n  <p>The DYNSEO training \"Preventing and acting against school harassment and cyberbullying\" includes the complete legal framework and its concrete implications for your establishment. Certified Qualiopi \u2014 eligible for funding \u2014 suitable for all school levels.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"cta-buttons\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/courses\/prevenir-et-agir-face-au-harcelement-scolaire-et-au-cyberharcelement\/\" class=\"btn-cta-white\">&#x1F4CB; View the program<\/a>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/formations\/\" class=\"btn-cta-outline\">All training &#x2192;<\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dynseo.com\/courses\/prevenir-et-agir-face-au-harcelement-scolaire-et-au-cyberharcelement\/\" class=\"internal-link\">\n  <div class=\"internal-link-icon\">&#x2696;&#xFE0F;<\/div>\n  <div class=\"internal-link-content\">\n    <div class=\"internal-link-label\">Qualiopi certified training<\/div>\n    <div class=\"internal-link-title\">Preventing and acting against school harassment and cyberbullying<\/div>\n    <div class=\"internal-link-desc\">Legal obligations, protocols, staff responsibilities \u2014 the complete training to be compliant.<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"internal-link-arrow\">&#x2192;<\/div>\n<\/a>\n\n<div class=\"article-tags\">\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">law school harassment establishment<\/a>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">legal obligations harassment school<\/a>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">offense school harassment 2022<\/a>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">responsibility head of establishment harassment<\/a>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">reporting harassment article 40 CPP<\/a>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">legal framework cyberbullying<\/a>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">harassment training Qualiopi<\/a>\n  <a href=\"#\" class=\"article-tag\">DYNSEO training<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2118],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-708229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>School Harassment and Legal Obligations of Institutions: What the Law Says - DYNSEO - Educational apps &amp; 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