Understanding Parkinson's disease — the complete reference guide
The diagnosis often comes after months of doubt : a hand that trembles slightly at rest, handwriting that shrinks, a new slowness that one attributed to age or fatigue. Then the word is spoken, and it is frightening. For the family, understanding Parkinson's disease becomes a concrete necessity : knowing what is really happening in the brain, distinguishing what is part of the disease from what is not, and stopping interpreting what is actually a symptom as character.
This guide takes the time to explain. It describes the mechanisms at play with simple words, reviews the motor manifestations and those, less known, that sometimes weigh more heavily on daily life, dismantles the most tenacious preconceived ideas and takes stock of what research has established today. It does not replace any medical advice: it gives you the means to better understand the one you receive, and to ask the right questions at the right time.
The essentials in 30 seconds
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease related to the progressive loss of neurons that produce dopamine, a chemical messenger essential for controlling movements. It evolves slowly, over many years, and differs profoundly from one person to another.
- The immediate cause — the loss of dopamine neurons in a small region of the brain disrupts the control of movements. The disease is not yet curable, but it is treatable.
- The motor signs — slowness of movements, muscle rigidity, and resting tremor form the classic trio. The tremor is not always present.
- The non-motor signs — sleep disorders, loss of smell, constipation, anxiety, pain, fatigue: often just as disabling, and sometimes early.
- The treatment — medications compensate for the lack of dopamine and significantly improve symptoms. Rehabilitation and regular physical activity are pillars, not options.
- A key point — according to the WHO, Parkinson's is the neurological disorder with the fastest increasing prevalence in the world. Better understanding it changes the daily life of the person as well as their loved ones.
What exactly is Parkinson's disease?
Parkinson's disease is a chronic and progressive neurological disease. It was first described in 1817 by an English doctor, James Parkinson, who called it "shaking palsy." The term was misleading: the person is not paralyzed, and they are not necessarily agitated. Two centuries later, we know that it is a neurodegenerative disease, meaning a disease during which certain neurons deteriorate and then gradually disappear.
Specifically, the disease attacks a specific group of nerve cells located in a small deep region of the brain. These cells have a particularity: they produce dopamine, a substance that serves as a messenger between neurons and plays a central role in the fluidity and control of movements. As these cells disappear, dopamine becomes deficient, and the control of movement becomes disordered. It is this deficit that explains the characteristic slowness, stiffness, and tremor.
Some benchmarks to situate the disease
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, reminds Inserm. It is one of the leading causes of motor disability of neurological origin in elderly people. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8.5 million people were living with this disease worldwide in 2019, and it is the neurological disorder with the fastest increasing prevalence globally — due in part to the aging of populations.
In France, Inserm estimates that about 200,000 people are affected, with several thousand new diagnoses each year. The average age at diagnosis is around sixty. But the disease does not wait for old age: the France Parkinson association reminds us that some of those affected develop the disease before the age of 50, what is called an early form. These younger forms raise particular questions — professional activity, family life, children still dependent — that this guide only touches on superficially, but which must be kept in mind.
A movement disorder… and not just that
It is often summarized by tremors. In reality, it also affects sleep, mood, digestion, and smell. These non-motor aspects can sometimes be the most burdensome in daily life.
A slow progression
Parkinson's progresses over years, often decades. It is not a disease that deteriorates suddenly overnight, contrary to what many fear at the time of diagnosis.
Causes still poorly understood
In the vast majority of cases, no single cause is found. It is said to be a combination of factors: age, predispositions, environment. Purely hereditary forms remain rare.
What we know about the causes and risk factors
The question keeps coming back: “why him, why her?”. The honest answer is that we do not completely know. In the vast majority of cases, no single cause is found. Researchers rather describe an interaction between several elements: aging, which remains the main risk factor, individual predispositions, and environmental factors. Among these, prolonged exposure to certain products — notably pesticides — is now recognized as a risk factor, to the point that Parkinson's disease is listed as an occupational disease for some farmers in France. This does not mean that each case can be explained by exposure: most have no identifiable cause.
It is also necessary to lift a burden that many families carry in silence: stress, an emotional shock, a bereavement, or a setback do not cause Parkinson's disease. They may, at most, make certain symptoms more visible at a given moment, but they do not create the disease. Looking back for the “triggering” event is a natural reaction, but it often leads to unfounded guilt. No one in the family caused the disease; no one could have prevented it by paying different attention.
Because Parkinson's disease never evolves in exactly the same way. In one person, tremors dominate and autonomy remains preserved for a long time; in another, slowness and postural instability take over sooner. The affected area, the rate of progression, the age of onset, and the response to treatment vary from person to person. This is why comparing two patients — or projecting the journey of one loved one onto another — makes little sense and often generates unnecessary worry.
What happens in the brain, explained simply
To understand Parkinson's disease, one image helps: imagine an orchestra. The movements of the body, even the simplest ones — walking, picking up a glass, turning in bed — are not just simple commands “lift your arm.” They are the result of very fine coordination between many muscles, which must contract and relax at the right moment, with the right force. In the brain, a small region acts as the conductor of movement. Dopamine is the baton that sets the tempo.
In Parkinson's disease, the musicians who produce this baton gradually disappear. The orchestra is still there, the instruments work, but the conductor lacks the means to set the rhythm. The result: movements become slow to start, jerky, less ample, and sometimes the body starts to “play” by itself when it should be at rest — this is the tremor.
The dopamine deficit, the heart of the problem
The affected region has a name, the substantia nigra, so called because of its dark color. Its neurons produce dopamine and send it to other deep structures in the brain that regulate movement. When these neurons die, the amount of available dopamine drops. An important point, often surprising for families: the first motor symptoms appear only after a significant portion of these neurons have disappeared. In other words, the disease has started, silently, long before any sign is visible. This explains why it is currently impossible to diagnose it very early, and why the diagnosis often comes after a phase of doubt.
Not just dopamine
For a long time, Parkinson's was reduced to a story of dopamine. Research has shown that it is more complex. Other chemical messengers in the brain are affected, and other regions besides the substantia nigra are involved. This explains symptoms that have nothing to do with movement — sleep disorders, loss of smell, constipation, anxiety. Some of these signs even appear several years before motor disorders. This broader understanding has changed the perspective of caregivers: we no longer just treat stiffness, we support a disease that affects overall functioning.
| What is often believed | What the disease actually is |
|---|---|
| « It's a muscle disease » | It's a brain disease : the muscles are healthy, it's their command that is disturbed |
| « It's the tremor » | The tremor is just one sign among others, and it is absent in some patients |
| « It shows right away » | The disease evolves silently for years before the first visible sign |
| « It's purely motor » | Sleep, mood, digestion, and smell are often affected as well |
The manifestations to know, motor and non-motor
The manifestations of the disease are divided into two main families : motor signs, which concern movement, and non-motor signs, more discreet but often just as disabling. Knowing them allows those around to better understand what is happening, and to stop attributing to will or mood what is related to the disease.
The three classic motor signs
Slowness (akinesia, bradykinesia)
Movement takes time to initiate, then occurs slowly and with less amplitude. Writing shrinks, the face expresses less, daily gestures take longer. It is often the most disabling sign.
Rigidity
The muscles remain contracted, resist movement, giving a sensation of stiffness. It can cause pain, particularly in the shoulder or neck, sometimes mistakenly attributed to a joint problem.
Resting tremor
It appears when the limb is still and decreases during voluntary movement. It often affects one hand first, on one side. It is not always present: its absence does not rule out the disease.
In addition to these three signs, postural instability later adds: difficulty in maintaining balance, increased risk of falling, a gait that changes — not smaller steps, sudden freezing (the feet seem "stuck" to the ground), difficulty turning or starting. These gait and balance disorders deserve particular attention from those around, as falls are one of the main causes of loss of autonomy.
A point often misunderstood by relatives: motor symptoms frequently begin on one side of the body, and they remain asymmetrical for a long time. A hand trembling on the right, an arm swinging less on one side while walking: this asymmetry is even one of the elements that guide the diagnosis. Another puzzling feature: symptoms can vary greatly throughout the day and from one day to the next. A person perfectly fluid in the morning may be blocked by the end of the afternoon. This is neither a comedy nor a lack of will: it reflects the effect of treatment and fatigue, and it deserves to be noted to discuss with the doctor.
Non-motor signs, often underestimated
These are the ones that families know the least, yet they weigh heavily in daily life. They can even precede movement disorders by several years. Many people report, in hindsight, having lost their sense of smell or suffered from constipation and restless sleep long before any slowness — without ever making the connection. This observation has actually opened an important research avenue: identifying these early signs could, one day, allow for an earlier diagnosis. For those around, the lesson is immediate: do not reduce the disease to tremors, and take fatigue, anxiety, or pain seriously, which are neither imaginary nor secondary.
- Sleep disorders — restless sleep, movements or cries during the night, drowsiness during the day.
- Loss or decrease of smell — one of the most common early signs, long gone unnoticed.
- Constipation — very common, sometimes present long before the diagnosis.
- Anxiety and depression — they are part of the disease and are not just a psychological reaction to the diagnosis.
- Fatigue — a deep fatigue that is not always repaired by rest.
- Pain — related to stiffness, cramps, postures.
- Attention disorders and slowness of thought — thought can become slower, without intelligence being affected.
- Weaker, less articulated voice — speech can become monotonous, low, and difficult to follow.
| What the family observes | What it may mean |
|---|---|
| « He no longer smiles, he seems closed off » | Reduction of facial expression (amimia), a motor symptom — not indifference |
| « She speaks so softly that we can no longer hear her » | Decrease in voice volume related to the disease, not a voluntary withdrawal |
| « He takes forever to get dressed » | Slowness of movement (bradykinesia), not unwillingness |
| « She is sad, anxious, she is no longer herself » | Anxiety and depression are part of the disease itself |
| « He suddenly freezes in the hallway » | Freezing: a neurological blockage, not hesitation |
| « She sleeps all day » | Fatigue and drowsiness related to the disease or treatment |
Keep this principle in mind, which applies to the entire disease : what resembles a change in attitude or character is often a symptom. Understanding this transforms the way to react — and thus the way the sick person feels seen and treated. This is precisely the decoding work that DYNSEO training aims to equip for loved ones.
What Parkinson's is not
A good understanding also involves what needs to be ruled out. Many manifestations are wrongly attributed to the disease, and conversely, the disease is sometimes confused with other situations. Only a doctor, usually a neurologist, can make the diagnosis : there is no single test that guarantees it, and the diagnosis mainly relies on clinical examination and progression.
A tremor is not necessarily Parkinson's
This is a very common confusion. There are other causes of tremor, much more frequent, such as essential tremor. A useful difference to know : in Parkinson's disease, the tremor occurs mainly at rest and decreases during movement ; in essential tremor, it is often the opposite — it appears during action, for example when holding a cup or writing. A tremor, in itself, does not mean Parkinson's. Only the doctor can distinguish between them.
Parkinson's is not Alzheimer's disease
Both are neurodegenerative diseases, but they do not affect the same functions or regions initially. Alzheimer's primarily affects memory and intellectual functions ; Parkinson's primarily affects movement. A person with Parkinson's can maintain clear thinking for a long time. Cognitive disorders may appear at a more advanced stage in some patients, but equating Parkinson's with "loss of mind" from the outset is false and hurtful.
It is not a contagious disease nor a "fault"
This needs to be stated clearly, as the question crosses many families : Parkinson's disease is not contagious, and in the vast majority of cases, it is not hereditary in the strict sense. No one is "responsible" for it. The search for a cause — stress, shock, exposure — is human, but it mainly fuels guilt, which helps no one.
Parkinson's disease itself is not an emergency: it progresses slowly. But certain situations require prompt medical advice: a fall with trauma, sudden confusion, a sudden difficulty swallowing, rapid and unusual worsening, or marked effects after a change in treatment. In case of severe discomfort, loss of consciousness, or signs suggesting another acute problem, contact the emergency services in your country. Never change a Parkinson's treatment on your own initiative: some abrupt stops are dangerous.
Understanding the disease is already helping your loved one
The DYNSEO training "Understanding Parkinson's disease" covers all of this in 16 short lessons, 100% online, at your own pace: mechanisms, signs, communication, daily life, caregiver balance. Designed for loved ones, without jargon.
Discover the training — 20 €The main stages of the journey and what to expect
No journey is the same, and one must resist the temptation to impose a unique framework on a given person. That said, we can describe major phases that help to navigate, provided we keep in mind that their duration and intensity vary greatly from one patient to another.
- The doubt phase and diagnosis. Discreet signs — a slower hand, a slight tremor, fatigue, a changing handwriting — lead to a consultation. The diagnosis is made by the neurologist based on the clinical examination; there is no single test that confirms it, and a period of observation is sometimes necessary.
- The therapeutic "honeymoon." Once the treatment is in place, symptoms often improve significantly and sustainably. This period, when the person feels almost like before, can last several years. It is the right time to establish good habits: physical activity, rehabilitation, organization.
- The fluctuations. Over time, the effect of the treatment may become less regular: alternating phases where everything is fine and phases where symptoms return, possible involuntary movements. Medical follow-up then adjusts the management. This is a phase that requires careful observation, which those around can greatly help document.
- The advanced phase. Motor difficulties, balance, sometimes speech, swallowing, or cognition, require more sustained support and a multidisciplinary team. The goal remains quality of life and maintaining autonomy as much as possible.
What medical follow-up looks like
Parkinson's disease is monitored over time, with a team that expands as needed. The neurologist remains the pilot of the management: they are the one who makes the diagnosis, chooses and adjusts treatments, and evaluates progress during regular consultations. Depending on the situation, the treating physician, physiotherapist, speech therapist, occupational therapist, sometimes the neuropsychologist, nurse, dietitian, or social worker may also be involved. This multidisciplinary approach is not a luxury: it corresponds to a disease that affects multiple aspects of life.
For the family, understanding that this journey is built gradually helps avoid two common pitfalls. The first is to expect everything from medication, neglecting rehabilitation and physical activity, which are crucial. The second, conversely, is to multiply the interveners without coordination. The right reflex is to circulate information — from one professional to another, and to the referring neurologist — using simple tools like a notebook or a follow-up sheet. The question "who to contact and how to maintain over time" is the subject of a dedicated article in this series.
The neurologist sees the person a few times a year, often at a good time of day. The family, on the other hand, observes daily: when the symptoms return, how sleep goes, when blockages occur. Noting these observations — in a notebook, a chart, a tracking tool — and then passing them on greatly helps the care team adjust the treatment. You are the doctor's eyes between two consultations.
What treatments and research say
We must be honest: to date, we do not know how to cure Parkinson's disease or stop its progression. But — and this is essential — we treat it, and often very effectively for a long time. Treatments do not repair lost neurons: they compensate for the lack of dopamine and significantly improve symptoms and quality of life. Any therapeutic decision is the responsibility of the doctor; this guide provides no indication of medication or dosage.
Main areas of management
Medications
They aim to restore the action of the missing dopamine. They improve slowness, stiffness, and tremor. Their choice, dosage, and adjustments are the responsibility of the neurologist, depending on each situation.
Physical activity
It is not a supplement: it is a pillar of treatment. Regular and appropriate activity helps maintain mobility, balance, and morale. Regularity takes precedence over intensity.
Rehabilitation
Physiotherapy for movement and balance, speech therapy for voice and swallowing, occupational therapy for daily tasks. Conducted over time, it makes a real difference.
Advanced techniques
For certain selected patients, at a specific stage, approaches such as deep brain stimulation may be proposed. The decision is highly regulated and falls under specialized centers.
Three useful lessons for a family
1. Regularity prevails over intensity. Whether it is physical activity, rehabilitation exercises, or cognitive stimulation, a little each day is better than a big one-time effort. The body and the brain consolidate what is repeated at close intervals. Fifteen minutes of walking or exercises daily produces more than a long isolated session.
2. What is used is maintained better. A function that is no longer used — walking, speaking, a gesture — tends to degrade faster. Doing for the person, out of kindness or to go faster, accelerates the loss of autonomy. The right posture, though more uncomfortable, is to let them do it, more slowly, with just the necessary level of assistance.
3. Cognitive stimulation has its place. Because the disease can slow down attention and processing speed, regularly maintaining cognitive functions through suitable activities is useful, in addition to everything else. Applications like SCARLETT, designed for seniors and adapted for people affected by Parkinson's or Alzheimer's, offer games whose level adjusts progressively — neither too easy nor discouraging. The free cognitive tests DYNSEO also allow for an initial assessment.
An important clarification to avoid misunderstandings: these activities are not intended to "cure" anything, and no application replaces medical care or rehabilitation. Their interest lies elsewhere: maintaining a pleasant routine, preserving a moment of exchange, sustaining attention and memory, and combating withdrawal. The right dosage is found in regularity and pleasure, not in performance. A session that is too long or experienced as a constraint does more harm than good. A short daily moment, chosen and anticipated, is better than an imposed exercise that becomes a source of tension between the person and their loved one.
Current work focuses particularly on the mechanisms of the disease, on markers that would allow for earlier diagnosis, and on avenues aimed at slowing progression. This field is evolving quickly: beware of spectacular announcements of "cure" circulating online, and report any information found to the healthcare team before drawing a conclusion. The most reliable source remains the neurologist who follows your loved one.
7 misconceptions to correct
“Parkinson's is just tremors”
False, or at least very incomplete. Tremors are one sign among others, and they are not present in all patients. Some affected individuals never tremble: in them, slowness and rigidity dominate. Reducing the disease to tremors leads to underestimating everything else — fatigue, anxiety, sleep disorders — which often weigh more heavily in daily life.
“It's a disease of very old people”
Age is the main risk factor, and the disease is more common after 60. But it is not reserved for the elderly: the France Parkinson association reminds us that some affected individuals develop the disease before 50. These earlier forms do exist and are sometimes diagnosed late, precisely because they are not considered in someone still active.
“You die from it”
Parkinson's disease is a chronic disease with which one lives for a long time. It is not, in itself, a disease that abruptly shortens life. The complications to watch for — falls, swallowing difficulties — can be prevented and managed. The diagnosis is not a short-term condemnation, contrary to what many imagine at first.
“He is doing it on purpose to be slow”
No. The slowness of movement is a neurological symptom, not a lack of goodwill. The person often wants to go faster but cannot. Pressuring, sighing, or doing it for them only adds stress, which often worsens the symptoms. The time given is a form of care.
“Parkinson's inevitably leads to dementia”
False. Parkinson's is primarily a movement disorder. Many people retain preserved intellectual abilities for many years. Cognitive disorders may occur at an advanced stage in some patients, but the systematic association of Parkinson's with dementia is inaccurate and deeply hurtful to those affected.
“Rest above all”
Rest is necessary, but inactivity is harmful. Prolonged immobility worsens stiffness, muscle wasting, and the risk of falling. Regular and appropriate physical activity is, on the contrary, part of the treatment itself. Balance is found in alternating between appropriate effort and recovery, never in one to the exclusion of the other.
“There is nothing we can do, we just have to wait”
This may be the most discouraging and the most false idea. We do not yet cure the disease, but we can act on it: treatments relieve, rehabilitation maintains abilities, physical activity and stimulation help, and daily adjustments reduce difficulties. Inaction, on the other hand, leaves the field open to the disease. Understanding Parkinson's disease is precisely about finding levers for action.
What really helps, what is useless
| ✅ What helps | ❌ What does not help |
|---|---|
| Allow time, slow down the pace of exchanges | Rush the person, finish their actions or sentences for them |
| A regular and suitable physical activity, a little each day | Permanent rest “to avoid getting tired” |
| Let the person do it, with just the right level of help | Do everything for them to go faster |
| Treat mood and expression changes as symptoms | Take them personally or see them as indifference |
| Note daily observations for the care team | Wait for the consultation hoping to remember everything |
| Scrupulously respect the prescribed treatment schedules | Change or stop a treatment on your own initiative |
| Approaches validated by the care team | The “miracle cures” and treatments sold online |
| Ask for help and take a break before exhaustion | Manage alone “because no one will do it as well” |
A word about the caregiver, as they are too often forgotten: accompanying a person with Parkinson's is a long-distance race. The exhaustion of those around does not help anyone — neither the caregiver nor the sick person. Accepting support, preserving time for oneself, relying on associations and professionals is not abandonment: it is a condition for lasting. A rested, informed, and supported caregiver accompanies better, longer, and with more serenity — which is precisely what the sick person needs.
Three simple gestures that change daily life
Beyond the great principles, a few concrete reflexes make a real difference, without ever replacing the instructions of professionals. First gesture: adapt your way of communicating. Position yourself facing the person, one idea at a time, allowing them time to respond. If the voice becomes weak, do not say “speak louder” in an annoyed tone; rather, say calmly: “I’m listening, take your time.” Pressure increases symptoms, patience calms them.
Second gesture: break down blocked movements. When the feet seem glued to the ground, there is no need to pull on the arm — this worsens the blockage and the risk of falling. You can suggest a cue: count “one, two, three” before moving again, aim for a point on the ground to step over, or mark a rhythm. These tips, to be validated with the physiotherapist, often help to “unblock” walking. Third gesture: secure without infantilizing. A clear home, good lighting, suitable shoes reduce the risk of falling; but care should be taken to let the person do what they can still do alone. The goal is not to do everything for them, but to make possible what they can do themselves.
❌ To avoid: rushing the person, doing the actions for them “to save time,” raising your voice in front of slowness, or deciding alone to suspend a treatment because “it seems to be getting better.” These reflexes, often well-intentioned, backfire against the accompanied person. The concrete situations of daily life and the toolbox of adjustments are detailed in the dedicated articles of this series.
To go further
This guide explains the disease. Four other articles in this series each delve into a concrete aspect of daily life:
Everyday situations10 difficult situations in daily life with Parkinson's and how to respond, step by step
ToolboxActivities, resources and concrete adjustments to implement at home
Help & contactsWho to contact, what help is available and how to sustain it over time
On the side of free resources: the DYNSEO tools catalog notably offers a progress tracking sheet and a session tracking sheet to print, useful for objectifying what evolves and transmitting it to professionals. The cognitive tests allow for an initial assessment, and the applications SCARLETT and CLINT serve as support for cognitive stimulation according to the profile.
Frequently asked questions
Is Parkinson's disease hereditary ?
In the vast majority of cases, no : the disease is not passed directly from parent to child. It is rather a combination of factors — age, predispositions, environment — without a single identifiable cause. There are truly hereditary forms, but they remain rare and mainly concern certain early-onset forms. Having a close relative affected does not imply that one will develop the disease oneself. If there is a particular concern, especially in the case of multiple cases in the same family, it is advisable to speak to a neurologist or a geneticist for personalized and reliable advice.
Can one recover from Parkinson's disease ?
To date, we do not know how to cure the disease or stop its progression. It is important to say this honestly. However, it is treated, often very effectively for many years : medications compensate for the lack of dopamine and significantly improve symptoms, while rehabilitation and physical activity help maintain abilities. Many people live for a long time with a good quality of life. Research is actively progressing. Be wary of miracle cure announcements that circulate : the reliable source remains the neurologist who follows your loved one.
Does tremor necessarily mean Parkinson's disease ?
No. A tremor can have many causes, and the most common is not Parkinson's but essential tremor. A useful distinction : in Parkinson's, the tremor mainly occurs at rest and decreases with movement ; in essential tremor, it appears more during action, for example when holding an object. But these markers are not sufficient to conclude. Only a doctor, usually a neurologist, can differentiate after an examination. An isolated tremor should not lead to a hasty conclusion of Parkinson's disease.
Does a person with Parkinson's lose their mind ?
No, not necessarily, and especially not right away. Parkinson's is primarily a movement disorder : many people maintain clear thinking and preserved intellectual abilities for many years. Thinking may become slower, which has nothing to do with a decline in intelligence. Cognitive disorders may appear at an advanced stage in some patients, but systematically equating Parkinson's with dementia is false and hurtful. Continuing to address the person normally, as the adult they are, remains essential at all stages.
How to help a loved one daily without rushing them ?
The basic principle can be summed up in one word : time. Slow down the pace, let the person do things themselves with just the necessary level of assistance, avoid finishing their actions or sentences. Understand that slowness, a less expressive face, or a low voice are symptoms, not indifference. Scrupulously respect treatment schedules. Note your observations for the care team. Finally, take care of yourself : asking for support and taking a break is not abandonment, it is what allows you to accompany them over time without exhausting yourself.
This article is intended for general information. It does not replace a diagnosis, medical advice, or treatment. No medication or dosage is indicated: any therapeutic decision is the responsibility of the doctor. For any questions regarding a personal situation, consult the attending physician or the neurologist who is following your loved one. In case of a serious or sudden situation, contact the emergency services in your country.
Moving from understanding to support
You now know the essentials to understand Parkinson's disease, its mechanisms, its signs, and its levers for action. To translate these guidelines into concrete actions, day by day, at home, the DYNSEO training "Understanding Parkinson's disease: essential guide for caregivers" offers 16 short lessons, 100% online, at your own pace and with unlimited access. Certified Qualiopi organization (No. 11757351875), certificate of completion.
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